4.7 Review

Utilization of Food-Derived β-Glucans to Prevent and Treat Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

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Summary: A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted to assess the global and regional prevalence, incidence, and mortality of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The results showed that the global prevalence of NAFLD is 30% and increasing, highlighting the need for urgent and comprehensive strategies to raise awareness and address NAFLD on local, regional, and global levels.

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Summary: This study provides an overview of the global prevalence of NAFLD, NAFL, and NASH in overweight and obese individuals. The findings show that the prevalence of NAFLD in the overweight population is 69.99%, NAFL is 42.49%, and NASH is 33.50%. These results contribute to a better understanding of the global burden of NAFLD and support disease management in the at-risk overweight and obese population.

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Summary: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by inflammation and hepatic steatosis that may coincide with fibrotic activity. A purified beta-glucan compound (PUP-W-1) from Polyporus umbellatus was found to prevent the development of NASH in a murine steatohepatitis model by suppressing inflammation, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis. These findings suggest that PUP-W-1 holds promise as a natural drug candidate or precursor for NASH treatment.

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Summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease globally, affecting approximately 38% of the global population. Although only a minority of patients progress to severe complications, the number of patients at risk for such outcomes is increasing. Factors such as changes in dietary composition, urbanization, obesity, and type 2 diabetes contribute to the increasing prevalence of NAFLD. However, there are significant geographical variations in NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) prevalence rates, which can be attributed to socioeconomic and genetic factors.

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Summary: This Review provides an overview of the challenges and potential solutions in clinical trials for NASH drugs, emphasizing the need for non-invasive tests and biomarkers to replace invasive liver biopsies as primary endpoints. While NAFLD and NASH are prevalent worldwide, no approved drugs are available currently. The histopathological assessment of liver biopsies, currently required for drug approval, presents a major challenge due to its variability, leading to high screen-failure rates. Non-invasive tests correlating with liver histology and outcomes show promise but require further validation for regulatory endorsement in phase 3 trials.

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Summary: NAFLD, the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome, involves various factors such as metabolic disturbances, inflammation, and cell death. The intestinal-liver axis theory suggests a close relationship between changes in intestinal flora and the development of NAFLD, affecting pathways like energy metabolism to regulate the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

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Two unique biological response-modifier glucans beneficially regulating gut microbiota and faecal metabolome in a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis animal model, with potential applications in human health and disease

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Summary: The study showed a significant increase in gut microbial diversity in the AFO-202+N-163 group, along with changes in beneficial faecal metabolites, indicating potential benefits for both the nervous system and metabolic conditions.

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