4.6 Review

In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies comparing the efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam monotherapy with ceftazidime-avibactam-containing combination regimens against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates or infections: a scoping review

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Epidemiology and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care unit patients: the EUROBACT-2 international cohort study

Alexis Tabah et al.

Summary: This study investigated hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HA-BSI) in 2600 adult patients from 333 ICUs in 52 countries. HA-BSI were frequently caused by Gram-negative, carbapenem-resistant, and difficult-to-treat pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance led to delays in adequate antimicrobial therapy, resulting in high mortality rates.

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Global epidemiology and clinical outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and associated carbapenemases (POP): a prospective cohort study

Jinnethe Reyes et al.

Summary: This study investigated the characteristics and outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) infections and the distribution and clinical significance of carbapenemases. The results showed that carbapenemase-producing CRPA infections were associated with increased 30-day mortality, and the prevalence of carbapenemase genes varied by region. These findings highlight the therapeutic challenges posed by these carbapenem-resistant organisms.

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Article Infectious Diseases

European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidelines for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (endorsed by European society of intensive care medicine)

Mical Paul et al.

Summary: These guidelines address the targeted antibiotic treatment of 3GCephRE and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, focusing on the effectiveness of individual antibiotics and on combination versus monotherapy. Most recommendations are based on low-certainty evidence.

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A retrospective observational cohort study of the clinical epidemiology of bloodstream infections due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in an OXA-48 endemic setting

Abdullah Tarik Aslan et al.

Summary: This study characterized the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of CRKP bloodstream infections in an OXA-48-predominant environment. Inappropriate therapy was associated with higher mortality and clinical failure. Appropriate regimens showed better outcomes for CRKP BSI with OXA-48 predominance.

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Effectiveness of ceftazidime-avibactam for the treatment of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Laura Corbella et al.

Summary: Limited clinical experience suggests that ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) is a valid alternative for treating multidrug or extremely resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

Impact of ceftazidime/avibactam versus best available therapy on mortality from infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CAVICOR study)

Juan Jose Caston et al.

Summary: The study found that ceftazidime/avibactam is an effective alternative for the treatment of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) infections, especially in patients with certain high scores. Multivariate analysis showed that treatment with ceftazidime/avibactam was associated with survival, while high INCREMENT-CPE scores and SOFA scores were associated with higher mortality.

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Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis

Christopher J. L. Murray et al.

Summary: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global human health, and this study provides the most comprehensive estimates of AMR burden to date. By estimating deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with bacterial AMR in 204 countries and territories in 2019, the study highlights the impact of resistance and the leading pathogen-drug combinations contributing to it.

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Article Infectious Diseases

The Role of Colistin in the Era of New β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations

Abdullah Tarik Aslan et al.

Summary: With the emergence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, traditional treatment approaches are generally ineffective. Newly approved medications should be considered as first-line treatment options, while colistin can still be used as an alternative therapy, especially for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Personalized medicine should be considered in the treatment approach.

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Infectious Diseases Society of America 2022 Guidance on the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Difficult-to-Treat Resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa)

Pranita D. Tamma et al.

Summary: This article provides updated guidance on the treatment of infections caused by ESBL-E, CRE, and DTR-P. aeruginosa. The guidance was developed by a panel of infectious diseases specialists and includes preferred and alternative treatment recommendations. The document emphasizes the importance of consulting with an infectious diseases specialist for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Characteristics and outcomes of carbapenemase harbouring carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella spp. bloodstream infections: a multicentre prospective cohort study in an OXA-48 endemic setting

Burcu Isler et al.

Summary: This study investigated carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella spp. bloodstream infections in Turkey and found important findings such as the prevalence of different types of carbapenemases and factors associated with mortality rates.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Kevin S. Ikuta et al.

Summary: This study provides comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens worldwide, highlighting the significant global health burden of bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the top five deadliest pathogens, and the deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens vary by location and age.

LANCET (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

Evaluation of the inoculum effect of new antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales

Maxime Danjean et al.

Summary: In this study, the impact of inoculum size on the minimal inhibitory concentrations of newly commercialized antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales was evaluated. Results showed a significant impact of inoculum size on the susceptibility category of the tested antibiotics.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Treatment strategies for OXA-48-like and NDM producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections

Burcu Isler et al.

Summary: This article reviews the literature on the treatment of OXA-48-like and NDM-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and provides updated information on available antibiotic treatment strategies. The best treatment option for OXA-48 producers is ceftazidime-avibactam, followed by colistin. There is an unmet need for the treatment of NDM producers, but ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam combination or cefiderocol can be used if available.

EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY (2022)

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Safety of Ceftazidime-Avibactam in Combination with Aztreonam (COMBINE) in a Phase I, Open-Label Study in Healthy Adult Volunteers

Thomas P. Lodise et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the safety of the optimal ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) with aztreonam (ATM) regimens identified in infection models of MBL-producing Enterobacterales. The results suggest that CZA-ATM administered as 2-h intermittent infusions is safe and caution should be exercised with the use of ATM continuous infusion at a high dose.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

Effect of ceftazidime/avibactam plus fosfomycin combination on 30 day mortality in patients with bloodstream infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: results from a multicentre retrospective study

A. Oliva et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ceftazidime/avibactam + fosfomycin combination therapy on 30-day mortality in KPC-Kp bloodstream infections. The results showed that although there was no difference in overall mortality, ceftazidime/avibactam + fosfomycin was associated with a lower rate of subsequent KPC-Kp infections and secondary infections compared to other ceftazidime/avibactam-based regimens.

JAC-ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (2022)

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Evaluation of ceftazidime/avibactam for treatment of carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales with OXA-48 and/or NDM genes with or without combination therapy

Hajar Alqahtani et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of treating CP-CRE infections with OXA-48 gene using ceftazidime/avibactam. The findings showed that the clinical cure and 30-day mortality rates were consistent with previous studies.

JAC-ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (2022)

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Efficacy of Ceftazidime-avibactam Plus Aztreonam in Patients With Bloodstream Infections Caused by Metallo-β-lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales

Marco Falcone et al.

Summary: This study aimed to compare the outcomes of patients with MBL-producing Enterobacterales bloodstream infections treated with CAZ-AVI + ATM or other active antibiotics. The results showed that CAZ-AVI + ATM was associated with lower 30-day mortality, lower clinical failure at day 14, and shorter length of stay.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

In VitroActivity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Alone and in Combination with Amikacin Against Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens

Tao Chen et al.

Summary: The study found that ceftazidime-avibactam has synergistic or additive effects against colistin-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, especially for bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This combination therapy can reduce the MIC values, making it a potential new approach against colistin-resistant Gram-negative infections.

MICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Activity of aztreonam in combination with ceftazidime-avibactam against serine- and metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Michelle Lee et al.

Summary: The combination of aztreonam and ceftazidime-avibactam shows promising results against SBL and MBL-producing Enterobacterales, although data on Pseudomonas aeruginosa are lacking. Subinhibitory concentrations of the two drugs produced synergy and restored bactericidal activity in most isolates tested, suggesting it may be a viable treatment option.

DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Ceftazidime/avibactam in the era of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: experience from a national registry study

I Karaiskos et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that ceftazidime/avibactam is effective in treating infections caused by KPC-Kp, significantly reducing mortality rates. Additionally, ultimately fatal disease, rapidly fatal disease, and Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 2 were identified as independent predictors of death, while treatment with ceftazidime/avibactam-containing regimens was the only independent predictor of survival.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

Article Immunology

Ceftazidime-Avibactam Use for Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing K. pneumoniae Infections: A Retrospective Observational Multicenter Study

Mario Tumbarello et al.

Summary: The study found that there was no significant difference in 30-day mortality rates between patients treated with ceftazidime-avibactam alone and those treated with combination regimens for managing infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Factors such as septic shock and neutropenia at infection onset were positively associated with mortality, while prolonged infusion of CAZ-AVI was negatively associated with mortality. Further research is needed to explore the potential survival benefits of prolonging CAZ-AVI infusions in certain types of infections.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenen-vaborbactam, and imipenem-relebactam in combination with aztreonam against multidrug-resistant, metallo-β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Sofia Maraki et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of different antibiotic combinations against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, showing that certain combinations exhibited synergy. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of these antimicrobial combinations.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Microbiology

Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance and Combination Susceptibility Testing of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients: a 10-Year Update

Ijeoma N. Okoliegbe et al.

Summary: This study compared the in vitro activity of new antimicrobials with other antipseudomonal agents and found colistin to be one of the most active antimicrobials, while combinations with beta-lactam plus beta-lactamase inhibitors showed synergistic effects. The study also highlights the importance of effective fluoroquinolone stewardship for CF patients.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

Review Infectious Diseases

Systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro efficacy of antibiotic combination therapy against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli

Luigia Scudeller et al.

Summary: The efficacy of combination therapy for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CR-GNB) infections remains controversial. In vitro studies suggest that combinations of polymyxins and carbapenems show high or moderate synergism against CR-GNB. Well-designed in vitro studies are crucial for guiding the selection of combination therapies in clinical trials and improving the armamentarium against carbapenem-resistant bacteria.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS (2021)

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Activity of ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam and imipenem/relebactam against carbapenemase-negative carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales isolates from US hospitals

Mariana Castanheira et al.

Summary: Research on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) without carbapenemase genes revealed complex resistance mechanisms, limited activity of most beta-lactam agents, and effective inhibition by ceftazidime/avibactam. Further studies are needed to understand the diverse resistance mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies for these isolates.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS (2021)

Article Microbiology

Time-Kill Evaluation of Antibiotic Combinations Containing Ceftazidime-Avibactam against Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Their Potential Role against Ceftazidime-Avibactam-Resistant Isolates

Maria M. Montero et al.

Summary: Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) has shown promise in treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, particularly those that are extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Combination therapy with CZA and other antibiotics was more effective than monotherapy against XDR isolates, including those resistant to CZA. This study highlights the potential of CZA combinations in treating difficult-to-treat XDR P. aeruginosa infections.

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Ceftazidime-Avibactam in Combination with In Vitro Non-susceptible Antimicrobials Versus Ceftazidime-Avibactam in Monotherapy in Critically Ill Patients with Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Guanhao Zheng et al.

Summary: The study found that for patients with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, the combination of ceftazidime-avibactam with other in vitro non-susceptible antimicrobials, especially carbapenems, fosfomycin, and tigecycline, could significantly decrease the 30-day mortality rate.

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Clinical Outcomes in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections Treated With Ceftazidime-Avibactam: A Single-Center Observational Study

Balram Rathish et al.

Summary: Ceftazidime-avibactam has shown good efficacy in treating carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections, with lower mortality and high bacterial susceptibility compared to other drugs. Factors associated with increased mortality in the study included higher disease severity scores, comorbidity index scores, ICU admission, inotrope requirement, and shorter duration of therapy with ceftazidime-avibactam.

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