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Review
Microbiology
Peter V. Markov et al.
Summary: In this Review, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, the phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, factors driving virus evolution, and potential future scenarios and their health repercussions are explored. The mechanisms generating genetic variation in SARS-CoV-2 and the selective forces driving its evolution are examined. Uncertainties are evaluated and scenarios for the future evolutionary trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 are outlined.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Article
Microbiology
Alexandra Tauzin et al.
Summary: The study found that extending the interval between doses to 16 weeks significantly increased humoral responses in non-infected individuals, reaching similar levels as previously infected individuals. Compared to a shorter interval, a longer interval between vaccine doses resulted in stronger immune responses.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Peter Nordstrom et al.
Summary: This study investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against infection, hospitalization, and death in the Swedish population during the first 9 months after vaccination. The findings suggest that vaccine effectiveness decreases over time, but the rate of waning varies by vaccine type. The effectiveness in preventing severe COVID-19 seems to be better maintained. The results provide support for administering a third vaccine dose as a booster.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Constanze Kuhlmann et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, identified in November 2021, has spread rapidly worldwide and shows resistance to most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, it can be neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juan Manuel Carreno et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in South Africa and Botswana in November 2021, has rapidly spread globally with high transmissibility. It has an unprecedented number of mutations in its spike gene, leading to immune escape and reduced vaccine efficacy. The neutralizing and binding activity against Omicron varies among individuals with different vaccination and infection histories.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Huiping Shuai et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 shows reduced replication ability in human cells and attenuated pathogenicity in mice compared with the wild-type strain and other variants. It has lower efficiency in using TMPRSS2 and causes the lowest reduction in body weight and mortality rate among the tested strains.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peter J. Halfmann et al.
Summary: The recent study by the SAVE/NIAID network shows that the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant causes milder lung disease in rodents, which is consistent with preliminary human clinical data.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nick Andrews et al.
Summary: This study examined the relative and absolute effectiveness of mRNA booster vaccination against COVID-19. The results showed that the booster dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 had a relative effectiveness ranging from 85% to 95% against symptomatic disease, and an absolute effectiveness ranging from 94% to 97%. For hospitalization or death, the absolute effectiveness of the BNT162b2 booster ranged from 97% to 99% in all age groups. The study provides real-world evidence of significantly increased protection from the booster vaccine dose against mild and severe disease.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Nick Andrews et al.
Summary: A study conducted in England showed that vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 provide high protection against hospitalization and death from Covid-19 at 20 weeks or more after vaccination. However, the effectiveness of the vaccines decreases over time, especially in individuals aged 65 and older and those with underlying risk factors.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Annika Roessler et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peter B. Gilbert et al.
Summary: In the COVE phase 3 clinical trial, neutralizing and binding antibodies were measured in vaccine recipients to determine their correlation with COVID-19 risk and vaccine efficacy. The results showed that these immune markers were inversely associated with COVID-19 risk and directly associated with vaccine efficacy. Postvaccination neutralization titers of 10, 100, and 1000 correlated with estimated vaccine efficacies of 78%, 91%, and 96% respectively.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alexander Muik et al.
Summary: This study tested the neutralizing ability of sera from participants who received two or three doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The results showed that after two doses, the neutralizing ability against Omicron was significantly reduced, but a third dose effectively increased the neutralizing ability. This suggests that three doses of the vaccine may provide protection against Omicron-mediated COVID-19.
Article
Immunology
Benoit Bailly et al.
Summary: This study reported an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 501Y.V2 in a nursing home, where it was found that vaccination with BNT162b2 did not prevent infection completely, but did reduce transmission and disease severity.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Youchun Wang et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant shows greater potential for immune escape compared to other variants, suggesting a significant impact on immunity from previous infections and vaccines.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Deborah Cromer et al.
Summary: By analyzing data on in-vitro neutralization and clinical protection, the study found that neutralizing activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 is highly correlated with neutralization of variants of concern, and can still predict the vaccine's protection against these variants. Simulation results suggest that booster vaccination for previously infected individuals can provide higher levels of protection compared to primary vaccination. Although the protection may decrease within the first year after vaccination, the current vaccines can still offer robust protection in the medium term.
Letter
Immunology
Ahmed Vanker et al.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Chantal Williams et al.
Summary: In a COVID-19 outbreak in a long-term care home, the effectiveness of the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 52.5% in residents and 66.2% in staff members. The vaccine demonstrated 78.6% effectiveness against severe illness in residents. However, two vaccinated residents still died during the outbreak.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Xinhua Chen et al.
Summary: Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a threat to immunity, with varying reductions in neutralizing antibody titers. Vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that can effectively neutralize the newer variants, but with significant reductions in neutralizing titers.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Mohamed Ahmed Syed et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Halane Vaillant-Roussel et al.
EXERCER-LA REVUE FRANCOPHONE DE MEDECINE GENERALE
(2022)
News Item
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amber Dance
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
L. J. Abu-Raddad et al.
Summary: A study in Qatar showed that booster vaccination significantly reduced the incidence of infection with the omicron variant, providing strong protection against Covid-19-related hospitalization and death. Booster effectiveness was observed for both mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, with lower infection rates and reduced severity of cases among those who received the booster dose.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Daniel M. Altmann et al.
Summary: A diverse range of first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been successful in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, although inequitable distribution remains an issue. Future challenges include optimizing immunological boosting strategies and building an immune repertoire that can protect against upcoming viral variants.
Letter
Virology
Lauren L. Ching et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Kirsten E. Lyke et al.
Summary: This study assesses the magnitude and short-term durability of neutralizing antibodies after homologous and heterologous boosting with mRNA and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. The results show that mRNA vaccine boosting generates higher neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant compared to Ad26.COV2.S boosting. These findings have implications for protecting against Omicron and future variants of SARS-CoV-2.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Daniel R. Feikin et al.
Summary: This study systematically reviewed the duration of protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines against various clinical outcomes. The findings indicate that the effectiveness or efficacy of the vaccines decreased from 1 to 6 months after full vaccination, but remained high against severe disease. Evaluating the effectiveness or efficacy of vaccines beyond 6 months is crucial for updating vaccine policies.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rebecca P. Payne et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can induce protection against the B.1.1.7 variant within weeks, and extending the interval between doses can result in higher levels of neutralizing antibody response. Prior infection with the virus can accelerate the immune response.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Katherine McMahan et al.
Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jennifer M. Dan et al.
Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.
Article
Microbiology
Xiaoying Shen et al.
Summary: Current COVID-19 vaccines target the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike, but the emerging B.1.1.7 variant with multiple spike mutations may impact some antibody therapies while posing no major concerns for vaccine efficacy or increased risk of reinfection.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Patrick Tang et al.
Summary: mRNA COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate high effectiveness in preventing severe outcomes and death caused by the Delta variant in Qatar, despite lower effectiveness at blocking infection.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuo Feng et al.
Summary: Defined levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies elicited by the COVID-19 vaccine were identified as correlates of protection against symptomatic infection. Higher levels of immune markers were correlated with a reduced risk of symptomatic infection. The data can be used to extrapolate efficacy estimates to new populations.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Hiam Chemaitelly et al.
Summary: In a study conducted in Qatar involving over 900,000 participants, vaccine effectiveness peaked at 77.5% in the first month after the second dose. However, it declined afterwards to as low as 20% in months 5 through 7 after vaccination, while protection against severe Covid-19 remained above 90% for at least 6 months.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pengfei Wang et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had global repercussions, with promising vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. However, newly detected variants of SARS-CoV-2 present challenges to these treatment options.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: This study found that immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants remains robust for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination, with antibodies declining but still detectable in most individuals. mRNA vaccines also induced functional memory B cells and antigen-specific T cells, with recall responses primarily increasing antibody levels in individuals with preexisting immunity.
Article
Virology
Rita Jaafar et al.
Summary: The study found significant inter-individual heterogeneity in neutralizing antibody levels induced by infection with different variants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine showed the highest neutralizing antibody titres.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Gayatri Amirthalingam et al.
Summary: The UK extended the interval between COVID-19 vaccine doses to 12 weeks, leading to higher antibody levels and estimated greater vaccine effectiveness. This study highlights the importance of an extended vaccine schedule in enhancing protection against COVID-19.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Markus Hoffmann et al.
Summary: The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may exhibit resistance to existing neutralizing antibodies and treatments, which could have significant implications for pandemic containment efforts.
Article
Microbiology
Liane Dupont et al.
Summary: The design and rollout of COVID-19 vaccines should consider the durability and cross-neutralizing potential of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Studies on convalescent sera show that cross-neutralizing activity can last up to 305 days post onset of symptoms, with differences in neutralization potency against variants decreasing over time due to antibody maturation.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Paul A. Kristiansen et al.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Elina Seppala et al.
Summary: This population-based cohort study found that the vaccine effectiveness against the Delta variant was significantly lower for partially vaccinated individuals at 22.4% compared to 64.6% for fully vaccinated individuals, when compared to vaccine effectiveness against the Alpha variant at 54.5% and 84.4% respectively.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jefferson M. Jones et al.
Summary: A study based on blood donations in the US from July 2020 to May 2021 found that seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies induced by vaccination or infection increased over time and varied by age, race and ethnicity, and geographic region. Despite adjustments for demographic differences, the findings may not be fully representative of the entire US population.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
William T. Harvey et al.
Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Venkata-Viswanadh Edara et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Moriah Bergwerk et al.
Summary: Among fully vaccinated health care workers, breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 were correlated with neutralizing antibody titers during the peri-infection period. Most breakthrough infections were mild or asymptomatic, although persistent symptoms did occur.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amarendra Pegu et al.
Summary: The study assessed the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on antibody responses induced by the mRNA vaccine over 7 months, showing that most individuals maintained binding and functional antibodies against variants, with B.1.351 having the lowest antibody recognition.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Mark W. Tenforde et al.
MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Petra Mlcochova et al.
Summary: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has lower sensitivity to antibodies and higher replication efficiency compared to other lineages, which may contribute to its dominance and reduced vaccine effectiveness, highlighting the need for continued infection control measures post-vaccination.
Article
Immunology
John S. Tregoning et al.
Summary: The development and rollout of vaccines have brought hope for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, with vaccines proving highly effective in preventing disease. However, challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to vaccines globally, as well as lessons to be learned for controlling pandemics in the future.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Douglas F. Nixon et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Philip V'kovski et al.
Summary: This review discusses key aspects of coronavirus biology and their implications for SARS-CoV-2 infections, treatment, and prevention strategies. Understanding virus-host interactions at the molecular level is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies. Summarizing the discoveries of SARS-CoV-2 infection and comparing it with other coronaviruses will support future preparedness and combat strategies.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Wen-Yang Tsai et al.
Summary: The study developed lentivirus-based pseudoviruses containing a monomeric infrared fluorescent protein reporter for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays. These assays offer advantages such as quick turnaround time, high throughput, and one-step image quantification, making them particularly suitable for assessing the neutralization sensitivity of new variants in the ongoing fight against the pandemic.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jose Mateus et al.
Article
Microbiology
Amin Addetia et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2020)
