The RuvABC Holliday Junction Processing System Is Not Required for IS26-Mediated Targeted Conservative Cointegrate Formation

In Gram-negative bacteria, the contribution of IS26 to the spread of antibiotic resistance and other genes that provide cells with an advantage under specific conditions far exceeds that of any other known insertion sequence. This is likely due to the unique mechanistic features of IS26 action, particularly its propensity to cause deletions of adjacent DNA segments and the ability of IS26 to use two distinct reaction modes for cointegrate formation. The insertion sequence IS26 plays a key role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria. IS26 and members of the IS26 family are able to use two distinct mechanisms to form cointegrates made up of two DNA molecules linked via directly oriented copies of the IS. The well-known copy-in (formerly replicative) reaction occurs at very low frequency, and the more recently discovered targeted conservative reaction, which joins two molecules that already include an IS, is substantially more efficient. Experimental evidence has indicated that, in the targeted conservative mode, the action of Tnp26, the IS26 transposase, is required only at one end. How the Holliday junction (HJ) intermediate generated by the Tnp26-catalyzed single-strand transfer is processed to form the cointegrate is not known. We recently proposed that branch migration and resolution via the RuvABC system may be needed to process the HJ; here, we have tested this hypothesis. In reactions between a wild-type and a mutant IS26, the presence of mismatched bases near one IS end impeded the use of that end. In addition, evidence of gene conversion, potentially consistent with branch migration, was detected in some of the cointegrates formed. However, the targeted conservative reaction occurred in strains that lacked the recG, ruvA, or ruvC genes. As the RuvC HJ resolvase is not required for targeted conservative cointegrate formation, the HJ intermediate formed by the action of Tnp26 must be resolved by an alternate route.IMPORTANCE In Gram-negative bacteria, the contribution of IS26 to the spread of antibiotic resistance and other genes that provide cells with an advantage under specific conditions far exceeds that of any other known insertion sequence. This is likely due to the unique mechanistic features of IS26 action, particularly its propensity to cause deletions of adjacent DNA segments and the ability of IS26 to use two distinct reaction modes for cointegrate formation. The high frequency of the unique targeted conservative reaction mode that occurs when both participating molecules include an IS26 is also key. Insights into the detailed mechanism of this reaction will help to shed light on how IS26 contributes to the diversification of the bacterial and plasmid genomes it is found in. These insights will apply more broadly to other members of the IS26 family found in Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative pathogens.

Automated summary

In Gram-negative bacteria, the contribution of IS26 to the spread of antibiotic resistance and other genes is significant due to its unique mechanistic features, such as causing deletion of adjacent DNA segments and using two distinct reaction modes for cointegrate formation. The high frequency of the targeted conservative reaction mode is also crucial for its spread. However, the detailed mechanism of this reaction and the role of the RuvABC system in HJ resolution still need further investigation.