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Infectious Diseases
P. Arora et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sho Iketani et al.
Summary: Nirmatrelvir, an experimental oral antiviral, has shown clinical usefulness against COVID-19. However, there is concern that SARS-CoV-2 could develop resistance to this drug. In vitro studies have demonstrated that highly resistant viruses can emerge from SARS-CoV-2 when exposed to Nirmatrelvir, with mutations in the 3CL protease. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of resistance and can inform the development of next-generation protease inhibitors.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jonathan J. Lau et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is more transmissible and can evade vaccine-derived immunity. First-generation vaccines show effectiveness against severe disease and death, but there is limited evidence on their effectiveness against all Omicron infections. A study conducted in Hong Kong during a large Omicron BA.2 epidemic found that three and four doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac were effective in preventing Omicron infection, but the effectiveness decreased over time. This highlights the need for updated vaccines and continuous monitoring of vaccine effectiveness.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chaitanya Kurhade et al.
Summary: This study reported on the neutralizing activities of a BA.5 bivalent booster against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages. The results showed that the BA.5 bivalent booster had good neutralizing efficacy against BA.4/5 but weaker efficacy against BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1. Previous infection significantly enhanced the strength and breadth of neutralization induced by the BA.5 bivalent booster. These data support a vaccine update strategy that matches newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Masaki Imai et al.
Summary: The antiviral agents bebtelovimab and mAb combinations tested in the study did not neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB, while remdesivir, molnupiravir, and nirmatrelvir demonstrated efficacy against both subvariants in vitro.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Dirk Jochmans et al.
Summary: Paxlovid is the first oral antiviral approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Research has identified mutations in the 3CLpro protease that may lead to resistance against Paxlovid. These findings are important for guiding the use of novel antiviral drugs.
Article
Immunology
Mikhail A. Godkov et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Winkie Fong et al.
Summary: The emergence of drug resistance in SARS-CoV-2 is a significant threat to COVID-19 control. Some variants of the virus are naturally resistant to multiple antiviral drugs. In this study, a bioinformatic tool called SABRes was developed to detect drug resistance mutations in SARS-CoV-2 genomes. The tool was applied to analyze 25,197 genomes from the Australian SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and identified 299 genomes with resistance mutations to five antiviral therapeutics. Timely recognition of these mutations, especially within viral subpopulations, is critical for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 drug resistance.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Editorial Material
Infectious Diseases
Daichi Yamasoba et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Christophe Le Terrier et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 lineages have led to the emergence of several new subvariants, including BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6, and BQ.1.1. These subvariants carry additional mutations in the spike protein, potentially increasing transmissibility and evading immune responses. The study found that the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and serum from vaccinated individuals against these subvariants varies.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ruopeng Xie et al.
Summary: Hong Kong experienced a large wave of COVID-19 in early 2022 driven by Omicron BA.2. The discordant inferences based on genomic and epidemiological data underscore the need to improve near real-time epidemic growth estimates.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shunsuke Yazawa et al.
Summary: It was found that SARS-CoV-2 can be efficiently isolated from clinical specimens such as nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva in cultured cells. This study examined the efficiency of viral isolation, including mutant strains, in nasal/nasopharyngeal swab or saliva specimens. The results showed that the isolation efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva specimens was significantly lower than that in nasal/nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Additionally, lactoferrin and amylase in saliva were found to inhibit the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped viruses.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Daniele Focosi et al.
Summary: The BQ.1.1.37 variant emerged in Italy during the 2022-2023 winter and peaked in January 2022, but was later replaced by XBB.1.*. The potential fitness of BQ.1.1.37 was found to be correlated with a unique two-amino acid insertion within the Spike protein.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amin Addetia et al.
Summary: The recently emerged BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 variants of SARS-CoV-2 have a higher affinity for the host ACE2 receptor and more efficiently promote fusion with host cell membranes compared to earlier Omicron variants. Although the neutralizing activity is reduced, vaccine-induced human plasma antibodies still cross-react with and trigger effector functions against current Omicron variants, providing a mechanism of protection against disease.
Review
Immunology
Dimitrina Miteva et al.
Summary: Although the WHO has declared the end of COVID-19 as a global health emergency, the disease is still a global threat. Developing strategies to protect human life, analyzing data on the virus, anticipating mutations and new variants, and exploring preventive and therapeutic techniques are necessary for pandemic management. The consequences of the disease, such as long COVID, are still being studied and have global social and economic impacts.
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Prerna Arora et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Daniele Focosi et al.
Summary: Despite massive usage, the global level of remdesivir resistance is very low during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Aakriti Dubey et al.
Summary: The sudden rise in COVID-19 cases in 2020 and the emergence of fast-spreading variants have created a worrisome situation worldwide. New variants with mutations that outcompete existing circulating variants are frequently reported, raising concerns about the efficacy of vaccines, increased transmissibility, immune escape, and diagnostic failures. Although not yet validated, it is believed that SARS-CoV-2 is acquiring new mutations to gain a fitness advantage for rapid transmission or to overcome immune resistance. Significant evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed since its first appearance in 2019, but the impacts of these mutations in many variants have not been analyzed. This article provides a comprehensive review of the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, key mutations in the viral genome, and the possible impacts on current prevention and therapeutic strategies.
CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Masaud Shah et al.
Summary: The new SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron has enhanced transmissibility and multiple mutations that may weaken the effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies. Computational studies have shown that Omicron binds to ACE2 with a higher strength and specific mutations contribute significantly to the binding energies. These mutations also result in a drop in the electrostatic potential between RBDOmic and monoclonal antibodies, particularly etesevimab, bamlanivimab, and CT-p59. Sotrovimab, which targets a conserved epitope on the Spike protein, could be used as a cocktail therapy for Omicron-driven COVID-19.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Laura J. Stevens et al.
Summary: This study identified mutations in the nonstructural protein 12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that confer resistance to the antiviral drug remdesivir. These mutations result in decreased preference for the drug as a substrate and can be transferred to other betacoronaviruses, causing replication defects and up to 38-fold resistance. The findings highlight the importance of further research to understand and prevent the emergence of remdesivir resistance mutations in clinical settings.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vladimir A. A. Gushchin et al.
Summary: This study summarized the variability of genetic line composition throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Moscow, Russia, and evaluated the virological and epidemiological features of dominant variants. The study highlighted the low effectiveness of existing immune layer in preventing infection.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qian Wang et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have become dominant in the United States and South Africa, raising concerns about their ability to evade neutralizing antibodies and compromise the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic monoclonals. A systematic antigenic analysis reveals that BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 have different levels of resistance to antibodies, with BA.2.12.1 being modestly resistant and BA.4/5 being substantially resistant. Certain mutations in the spike protein facilitate antibody escape, but compromise the spike affinity for the viral receptor. Only bebtelovimab retains full potency against both subvariants.
Article
Virology
Nicholas H. Moeller et al.
Summary: This article describes the proofreading mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and how its non-structural protein 14 (nsp14) removes misincorporated nucleotides during RNA synthesis. It also explores the impact of this mechanism on the efficacy of antiviral nucleoside/nucleotide analogues. The study shows that nsp14 ExoN efficiently processes RNA strands terminated with specific chain-terminating nucleotides, while the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is more susceptible to termination by other nucleotides. These findings suggest that nsp14 ExoN may play a role in protecting the virus from certain antiviral nucleotides, and that SARS-CoV-2 enzymes have adapted to minimize their antiviral effect.
Article
V. G. Akimkin et al.
Zhurnal Mikrobiologii Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii
(2022)
Article
Virology
Galya Klink et al.
Summary: The Delta epidemic in Russia is mostly derived from a single import event or closely timed imports from a poorly sampled location. More than 90% of Delta samples in Russia exhibit a pair of rare mutations, classifying them into the AY.122 sublineage. The high prevalence of AY.122 in Russia is likely due to a random founder effect rather than a transmission advantage, as its frequency has not increased in other countries where it has been observed.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Andrei E. Siniavin et al.
Summary: PLA(2)s from snake venoms have shown promising antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, protecting Vero E6 cells and inhibiting viral replication and cell fusion. They could be developed as antiviral drugs targeting the viral envelope and serve as useful tools for studying virus-host cell interaction.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Merryn Voysey et al.
Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been shown to have an acceptable safety profile and effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19, with higher efficacy observed in the group that received a low dose followed by a standard dose.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Denis Y. Logunov et al.
Summary: The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine showed 91.6% efficacy against COVID-19 in the phase 3 trial, with good safety and tolerability in a large cohort of participants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dora Pinto et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jun Lan et al.
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Ashwani Kumar et al.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2020)
Article
Business, Finance
John W. Goodell
FINANCE RESEARCH LETTERS
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Torbjorn Rognes et al.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Aaron R. Quinlan et al.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Heng Li et al.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Heng Li et al.
