An updated overview of some factors that influence the biological effects of nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) can be extremely effective in the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer due to their properties. The nanotechnology industry is developing rapidly. The number of multifunctional NPs has increased in the market and hundreds of NPs are in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. Thus, the mechanism underlying the effects of NPs on biological systems has received much attention. After NPs enter the body, they interact with plasma proteins, tumour cell receptors, and small biological molecules. This interaction is closely related to the size, shape, chemical composition and surface modification properties of NPs. In this review, the effects of the size, shape, chemical composition and surface modification of NPs on the biological effects of NPs were summarised, including the mechanism through which NPs enter cells, the resulting oxidative stress response, and the interaction with proteins. This review of the biological effects of NPs can not only provide theoretical support for the preparation of safer and more efficient NPs but also lay the foundation for their clinical application. Effects on cells of NPs with different properties.

Automated summary

Nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential for early cancer diagnosis and treatment. The nanotechnology industry is rapidly developing, with a wide range of multifunctional NPs in preclinical and clinical stages. Understanding the interactions between NPs and biological systems is crucial, considering their effects on plasma proteins, tumor cells, and small molecules. This review summarizes the impact of NPs' size, shape, chemical composition, and surface modification on their biological effects, including cellular uptake mechanisms, oxidative stress response, and protein interactions. The findings not only support the development of safer and more efficient NPs but also provide a foundation for their clinical application.