Key bacterial taxa determine longitudinal dynamics of aromatic amino acid catabolism in infants' gut

The development of the gut microbiota in early life is linked to metabolic, neuronal, and immunological development. Recent studies have shown that bacterial production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and aromatic amino acid (AAA) catabolites in the gut can mediate host-microbe interactions. However, the dynamics of these microbiota-derived metabolites and the key bacterial taxa producing AAA catabolites during infancy are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the longitudinal dynamics of the microbiota and microbiota-derived SCFAs and AAA catabolites in more than 200 fecal samples from 25 healthy breast- or mixed-fed Danish infants during the first 6 months of life. We found that the gut microbiota composition and metabolism were highly individual but showed significant development over time. SCFAs and specific groups of AAA catabolites showed distinct temporal abundance patterns. Furthermore, we identified bacterial taxa responsible for the generation of AAA catabolites by associating the dynamics of gut microbial taxa and AAA catabolites and subsequently validating these associations in vitro by cultivation of strains representing the associated taxa. In addition to specific Bifidobacterium species being the main producers of aromatic lactic acids, we identified Peptostreptococcus anaerobius as the main producer of aromatic propionic acids, Ruminococcus gnavus as a main producer of tryptamine, and Enterococcus species as main tyramine producers in infants' gut. Thus, our results showcase the temporal dynamics of key gut microbial metabolites in early life and demonstrate that the appearance and abundance of specific AAA catabolites result from the appearance and abundance of specific key bacterial taxa in infants' gut.

Automated summary

The development and composition of gut microbiota play a crucial role in the metabolism, neuronal, and immunological development in early life. This study investigates the dynamics of microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and aromatic amino acid (AAA) catabolites, and identifies the key bacterial taxa responsible for their production in 25 Danish infants. The results reveal individual variations in the gut microbiota composition and metabolism, with significant changes over time. Specific bacterial taxa, including Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Enterococcus species, are identified as the main producers of AAA catabolites in the infants' gut.