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Review
Allergy
Rundong Qin et al.
Summary: Abnormal immunological indicators are associated with disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. This meta-analysis synthesized the findings of many studies and found that cytokine levels, white blood cell count, and inflammatory markers were significantly increased in severely ill patients or non-survivors. Conversely, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, and other indicators were significantly increased in non-severely ill patients or survivors. Impaired immune response and increased inflammation, coagulation dysfunction, and nonpulmonary organ injury were marked features of patients with poor prognosis. Parameters of immune response dysfunction combined with inflammatory, coagulated, or nonpulmonary organ injury indicators may be more sensitive to predict severe patients and non-survivors.
CLINICAL REVIEWS IN ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Medical Laboratory Technology
Tingting Wei et al.
Summary: A study in Shanghai revealed differences in hematological parameters between COVID-19 patients with fever and patients febrile from other causes, suggesting that white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, CRP, and certain ratios may be useful in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 in the fever clinic.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Hamid Nasrollahi et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has had devastating effects on global health and the economy. The immune system plays a critical role in controlling the infection, but dysregulated inflammatory responses and imbalanced immune function can contribute to tissue damage and disease pathogenesis. Important mechanisms in severe COVID-19 include excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, impaired antiviral response, overactivation of immune cells, decreased frequencies of certain immune cell populations, complement activation, lymphopenia, and dysregulation of B lymphocyte function. Manipulating the immune system has been explored as a therapeutic approach. This review discusses the role of immunity in COVID-19 development and progression, focusing on molecular and cellular aspects of the immune system in mild versus severe forms of the disease. Immune-based therapeutic approaches are also being investigated.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Yongliang Yuan et al.
Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the COVID-19 pandemic, which is the greatest global public health threat of this century. Recent studies have revealed many mysteries of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, greatly enhancing the research on COVID-19 vaccines and therapies. However, significant questions remain regarding its treatment.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Virology
Mohd Arish et al.
Summary: COVID-19 mainly affects the lungs, but recent reports suggest involvement of other organs. The immune response plays a crucial role in disease management, but dysregulated immunity can lead to immunopathology. Recent research provides important insights into the immunopathology caused by COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mina Ghofrani Nezhad et al.
Summary: Cytokine storm refers to the overproduction of immune and inflammatory cells and their proteins (cytokines) causing acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19. Higher levels of IL-6 and IL-1 levels might be seen in patients with COVID-19 at each stage. IL-6 levels are an independent predictor of COVID-19 illness and Anakinra and tocilizumab (TCZ) are beneficial in lowering mortality in COVID-19 patients.
JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Virology
Marcos Jesse Abrahao Silva et al.
Summary: This research aimed to review the immunopathological elements that contribute to the progression of COVID-19. A systematic review was conducted using various databases and search terms. The study identified several key factors, such as SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, cellular proteases, leukocytes, cytokines, and proteolytic cascades, that play a role in the hyperinflammatory response and subsequent complications. It is important to control the dysregulation of the immune response and systemic inflammation for patients' recovery.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Haryati Haryati et al.
Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
(2023)
Article
Respiratory System
Saeed Hosseninia et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the prognostic role of systemic inflammatory indicators in the mortality of COPD patients with COVID-19. The results showed that the systemic inflammation index AISI was a reliable predictor of mortality in COPD patients with COVID-19.
BMC PULMONARY MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Maryam B. B. Khadzhieva et al.
Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate the serial changes in inflammatory indices in COVID-19 patients and their correlation with outcomes. Retrospective analysis of 169 patients showed that non-survivors had higher CRP to lymphocytes ratio (CLR) and multi-inflammatory index (MII) values on admission, while the largest differences between survivors and non-survivors were seen in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and MII at discharge/death. The correlation between the indices and outcome was observed starting from days 13-15, and the changes in index values over time were more helpful in predicting outcomes than those measured on admission.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Jiaming Xiu et al.
Summary: Elevated levels of aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) are significantly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with hypertension (HTN), suggesting AISI may serve as an early warning parameter for poor prognosis.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Sandhiya Selvarajan et al.
Summary: This study conducts a network meta-analysis to compare the effects of various interventions used in COVID-19 on mortality, clinical recovery, time to clinical improvement and the occurrence of serious adverse events. The results suggest that dexamethasone reduces mortality and increases clinical recovery, while remdesivir increases clinical recovery, shortens time to clinical improvement, and lowers the occurrence of serious adverse events.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Qing Li et al.
Summary: This article reviews the unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on our daily lives and quality of life over a period of more than two years, focusing on the changes in immune response, virus mutations, vaccines, and treatment strategies. The authors predict that with the use of existing and emerging technologies, we will be able to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
(2022)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Miriam Merad et al.
Summary: Considerable research effort has been focused on deciphering the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infections and understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19, including Long Covid syndrome. The hope is that knowledge gained from this research will be applied to studies of inflammatory processes in critical and chronic illnesses in the future.
Review
Virology
Soheila Montazersaheb et al.
Summary: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 poses a significant global health threat, leading to pneumonia and ARDS in patients. Cytokine storm, characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins and TNF-alpha, contributes to lung damage in ARDS patients. Suppressing the inflammatory response may be a possible strategy for managing COVID-19.
Review
Immunology
Sonia Aparecida de Andrade et al.
Summary: This review discusses the hemostatic changes that occur in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a focus on endothelial dysfunction, kallikrein-kinins, renin-angiotensin, and the coagulation/fibrinolysis systems as underlying factors of COVID-19. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of new therapeutic approaches to attenuate the severity of infection and reduce mortality.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Esther Silberberg et al.
Summary: The resolution of inflammation involves a coordinated process between neutrophils and macrophages, with emphasis on macrophage reprogramming. Recent studies suggest that macrophage reprogramming is crucial not only in the acute setting, but also in limiting chronic inflammation and other pathologies.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Adrian Vasile Muresan et al.
Summary: This study aims to verify the predictive role of various markers in predicting deep vein thrombosis, acute pulmonary embolism risk, and mortality in COVID-19 patients. The study found that nutritional and inflammatory markers, as well as other factors, are associated with adverse outcomes.
Review
Immunology
Angelo Zinellu et al.
Summary: This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, finding that neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet count, as well as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, are significantly associated with COVID-19 progression and mortality.
EXPERT REVIEW OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Hassan Ghobadi et al.
Summary: This study found that systemic inflammatory markers can be used to predict mortality in non-elderly and elderly COVID-19 patients. White blood cell count and neutrophil count were significantly associated with survival in both non-elderly and elderly patients.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ilse Adriana Gutierrez-Perez et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the association and predictive value of systemic inflammation indices with the severity and non-survival of COVID-19 in Mexican patients. The emergent systemic inflammation indices NHL, NLR, RDW, SII, and SIRI showed predictive power for severe COVID-19, IMV support, and low survival probability during hospitalization.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ioana Halmaciu et al.
Summary: This study aims to verify the predictive role of inflammatory biomarkers and the total system score (TSS) in the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and mortality in COVID-19 patients. The results show that higher baseline values can predict adverse outcomes, and factors such as age, cardiac disease, kidney disease, unvaccinated status, and pulmonary involvement are associated with poor outcomes in patients.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Emil Marian Arbanasi et al.
Summary: This study confirms the predictive role of inflammatory biomarkers and the CT Severity Score in the risk of acute limb ischemia, ICU admission, and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Higher values of MLR, NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, AISI, and the CT Severity Score strongly predict adverse outcomes.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Sara Solveig Fois et al.
Summary: This study compared the clinical features and blood cell count values of COVID-19 patients between two different waves. The fourth-wave patients were older, had fewer male patients, and more comorbidities compared to the second-wave patients. The study found that both admission values of CBC-derived indexes and adverse respiratory outcomes decreased from the second to the fourth wave of COVID-19. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of CBC-derived indexes in helping clinicians identify hospitalized patients at increased risk of serious illness and death.
Article
Oncology
Giorgio Carlo Ginesu et al.
Summary: The study evaluated blood count inflammation indexes as predicting factors for postoperative complications in oncological thoracic surgery. The results showed that NLR and LMR on the fourth postoperative day were associated with complications. Blood count indexes may have potential value in predicting complications in oncological thoracic surgery.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Dina Ali Hamad et al.
Summary: The study demonstrated that AISI is a predictor for severity and ICU admission in COVID-19 patients, SII is a predictor of survival, while NLPR and SIRI have an additive role that requires further evaluation. Among the hematological ratios studied, SII had the highest specificity (95.6%) and NLPR had the highest sensitivity (61.3%) in predicting ICU admission of COVID-19 patients. Age, AISI, CRP, D-dimer, and oxygen aid were identified as independent predictors for ICU admission in COVID-19 patients.
JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Ilaria Campesi et al.
Summary: This study investigated the influence of sex, smoking habits, and combined oral contraceptives (COC) on cellular inflammatory indexes, as well as their association with endothelial function. The results showed specific effects of COC on different parameters, emphasizing the need for intersectionality in sex and gender studies. Additionally, COC use was found to significantly impact the effects of tobacco smoking.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Angelo Zinellu et al.
Summary: This study investigated serum prealbumin in COVID-19 patients and found that lower concentrations were significantly associated with disease severity and mortality, providing potential assistance for early risk stratification and management.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Asma Rahman et al.
Summary: COVID-19 is associated with hematological abnormalities such as lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated D-dimer levels, especially in severe cases. Close attention should be paid to coagulation abnormalities, and measures should be taken to prevent or mitigate their harmful effects.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Li Yin Tan et al.
Summary: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 can lead to severe health consequences, including acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure, through activation of inflammatory pathways and cytokine storm. Long-term effects, particularly on the brain, are of concern.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Matthew J. Page et al.
Summary: The PRISMA statement was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report the purpose, methods, and findings of their reviews. The updated PRISMA 2020 statement includes new reporting guidance, a 27-item checklist, an abstract checklist, and revised flow diagrams for reviews.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Angelo Zinellu et al.
Summary: Variable patterns of disease progression are observed in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study found that the aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) was significantly associated with mortality in IPF patients, with patients with different AISI values having different survival rates. More prospective studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm this association.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Respiratory System
Angelo Zinellu et al.
Summary: This study found that the SII value of COVID-19 patients upon admission is independently associated with hospital length of stay (LOS), with patients having higher SII values experiencing longer LOS. This suggests that the SII may play an important role in clinical decision-making regarding COVID-19 patients.
MINERVA RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Hematology
Evangelos Terpos et al.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Respiratory System
Angelo Zinellu et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alessandro G. Fois et al.
Article
Ophthalmology
Antonio Pinna et al.
OCULAR IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION
(2019)
Article
Surgery
Panagiotis Paliogiannis et al.
ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY
(2018)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Howard Balshem et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2011)
Article
Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods
Roger M. Harbord et al.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
JB Reitsma et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2005)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
JJ Deeks et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2005)
Article
Mathematical & Computational Biology
CM Rutter et al.
STATISTICS IN MEDICINE
(2001)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
JAC Sterne et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2001)
