SARS-CoV-2 specific plasma cells acquire long-lived phenotypes in human bone marrow

Background SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody-secreting plasma cells (PC) mediating specific humoral immunity have been identified in the human bone marrow (BM) after COVID-19 or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. However, it remained unclear whether or not they acquire phenotypes of human memory plasma cells.Methods SARS-CoV-2-specific human bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) were characterised by tetramer-based, antigen-specific flow cytometry and FluoroSpot assay.Findings SARS-CoV-2 spike-S1-specific PC were detectable in all tested BM samples of previously vaccinated individuals, representing 0.22% of total BMPC. The majority of SARS-CoV-2-specific BMPC expressed IgG and their specificity for the spike S1 protein indicated emergence from a systemic vaccination response. Of note, one-fifth of SARS-CoV-2-specific BMPC showed the phenotype of memory plasma cells, i.e., downregulated CD19 and present or absent CD45 expression.Interpretation Our data indicate the establishment of phenotypically diverse SARS-CoV-2-specific PC in the human BM after basic mRNA immunization, including the formation of memory phenotypes. These results suggest the induction of durable humoral immunity after basic mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

Automated summary

Research has found that specific antibodies produced by plasma cells in the bone marrow play a role in humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2. These plasma cells show diverse phenotypes, including memory phenotypes, indicating the potential for long-lasting immune protection.