4.7 Review

Research status and development prospect of Fe-Mn-C-Al system low-density steels

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Effect of Nb-V microalloying on low-cycle fatigue property of Fe-Mn-Al-C austenitic steel

Ting Zhao et al.

Summary: The tensile and low-cycle fatigue properties of Fe-Mn-Al-C austenitic steels with and without Nb-V microalloying are comparatively analyzed. The Nb-V microalloyed steel exhibits higher strength and lower elongation. It shows continuous cyclic softening behavior. The fatigue life of the Nb-V microalloyed steel is higher at strain amplitudes of 0.4% and 0.6%, but lower at 0.8%, compared to the non-microalloyed steel. The microstructures of the steels after fatigue testing exhibit parallel deformation bands composed of planar dislocations. The precipitation of (Nb,V) C positively influences the fatigue life improvement compared to k-carbides.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T (2023)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A feasible route to produce 1.1 GPa ferritic-based low-Mn lightweight steels with ductility of 47%

Kwang Kyu Ko et al.

Summary: This study presents a facile strategy, low-temperature tempering-induced partitioning (LTP), to enhance the strength and ductility of low-Mn ferritic lightweight steels. The concept of size-dependent dislocation engineering provides a new pathway for developing heterogeneous-structured low-Mn lightweight steels.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Improvement of the yield strength of Fe-11Mn-xAl-yC medium-Mn lightweight steels by tuning partial recrystallization and intra-granular κ-carbide strengthening

Degang Liu et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effects of annealing temperature on the microstructures and yield strength of medium-Mn lightweight steels. The results showed that grain size refinement and high dislocation density could significantly improve the yield strength. In addition, the precipitation of carbides promoted by increased carbon and aluminum contents further enhanced the strength of the steels.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Precipitation of κ-Carbide in a V-Containing Austenite-Based Lightweight Steel

Mingxiang Liu et al.

Summary: The precipitation behavior of kappa-carbides in a Fe-20Mn-9Al-1.2C-1.0V austenite based lightweight steel has been studied. Cold rolling before aging precipitation can promote the precipitation of kappa-carbides and accelerate the eutectoid transformation of austenite. V element is slightly enriched in the region of kappa-carbides and affects the nucleation barrier energy. After annealing, precipitated V-carbides induce the subsequent precipitation of kappa-carbides in the form of band distribution.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE (2022)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Influence of Cr and Solution Treatment on Structure and Properties of New Class Lightweight Fe-Mn-Al-C Stainless Steels

Nader El-Bagoury et al.

Summary: This study aims to understand the influence of alloying elements variation and solution heat treatment conditions on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of Fe-Mn-Al-Cr-C stainless steel system. The experimental results show that the composition and heat treatment have a significant impact on the hardness, wear properties, and corrosion resistance of the studied steels.

METALLOGRAPHY MICROSTRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The effect of Cr content on intragranular κ-carbide precipitation in Fe-Mn-Al-(Cr)-C low-density steels: A multiscale investigation

Jianlei Zhang et al.

Summary: The effect of Cr content on intragranular kappa-carbide precipitation behaviors in Fe-Mn-Al-Cr-C low-density steels was investigated. It was found that the volume fraction of kappa-carbides decreased and the growth rate slowed down with increasing Cr content. The precipitation temperature and temperature range of kappa-carbides were also affected by the increased Cr content. The presence of Cr atoms in the kappa-carbide structure increased interfacial energy and nucleation energy, making kappa-carbide formation more difficult. The increased interfacial energy, improved solubility of Al and C, and decreased diffusion coefficient of C in gamma-austenite caused by increasing Cr content resulted in a slower growth rate of the kappa-carbides.

MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Ultrahigh strength-high ductility 1 GPa low density austenitic steel with ordered precipitation strengthening phase and dynamic slip band refinement

L. L. Wei et al.

Summary: This article investigates the mechanical behavior of Fe-27Mn-9Al-1C austenitic steel microalloyed with Nb, specifically focusing on its work hardening behavior and plasticity mechanisms. The study reveals that pronounced planar dislocation slip occurs during plastic deformation, and the shearing of precipitates and refinement of slip bands contribute to strain hardening of the steel. Annealing twin boundaries act as dislocation sources, promoting further subdivision of slip bands and suppressing strain localization.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Strengthening κ-carbide steels using residual dislocation content

T. W. J. Kwok et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effect of hot rolling temperature on the mechanical properties of a Fe-28Mn-8Al-1.0C steel. It was found that lower temperature rolling significantly increased the yield strength without compromising the elongation to failure. The improvement in strength was attributed to the increase in residual dislocation density, which was retained even after the ageing heat treatment. The homogeneous precipitation of kappa-carbides indicated that the high residual dislocation density did not adversely affect precipitation kinetics.

SCRIPTA MATERIALIA (2022)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Fe-Mn-C-Al Low-Density Steel for Structural Materials: A Review of Alloying, Heat Treatment, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties

Shufen Hu et al.

Summary: Aluminum-containing low-density steel, which has lightweight and outstanding mechanical properties, is widely used in industries such as vehicle, airplane, and mining. The alloying and heat treatment processes have significant effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this steel. Recent research progress provides valuable insights for the design and engineering applications of high-quality, low-density steel.

STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Tensile Properties and Microstructure Evolutions of Low-Density Duplex Fe-12Mn-7Al-0.2C-0.6Si Steel

Shuai Liu et al.

Summary: An austenite-ferrite duplex low-density steel was investigated for its mechanical properties, microstructure evolution, deformation mechanism, and stacking fault energy at ambient temperature. The results showed that the steel consists of fine equiaxed austenite and coarse band-like delta-ferrite in its microstructure. Increasing the annealing temperature led to a decrease in yield and tensile strengths, while the total elongation increased.

MATERIALS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Fe-28.7Mn-10.2Al-1.06C High Specific Strength Steel

Liang Ma et al.

Summary: The microstructure, properties, and deformation behavior of Fe-28.7Mn-10.2Al-1.06C high specific strength steel were studied. The results showed that the tensile strength decreases and the elongation increases with the increase in annealing temperature. Compared with 20Mn2CrNb high strength automobile steel, the specific strength of the laboratory steel is increased by more than 20%.

METALS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

d-ferrite dynamic recrystallization behavior during thermal deformation in Fe-32Mn-11Al-0.9C low density steel

Weijun Wang et al.

Summary: The thermal deformation behavior of Fe-32Mn-11Al-0.9C low density steel was investigated, and the influence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of delta-ferrite on austenite under different deformation conditions was studied.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Effect of Cu and solid solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe- Mn-Al-C low-density steels

Zhiqi Xie et al.

Summary: This research investigates the variations in microstructure and mechanical properties of two austenitic low-density steels by adjusting the solid solution temperature and adding Cu. The results show that the solid solution temperature and Cu content have significant impacts on the microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the steels. By controlling the solid solution temperature and adding a small amount of Cu, the yield strength and ductility of the steels can be significantly improved.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Microstructural evolution after heat treatment of high specific strength steel: Fe-13Al-16Mn-5Ni-0.8C and correlation with tensile properties

Nikhil Kumar et al.

Summary: This study investigates the microstructure and tensile properties of lightweight steel annealed at different temperatures. Various microscopy techniques were used to study the emergence of phases and precipitates. The study found that the samples annealed at different temperatures exhibited different mechanical properties and fracture morphologies.

MATERIALIA (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Ultrastrong and ductile austenitic lightweight steel via ultra-fine grains and heterogeneous B2 precipitates

Y. F. An et al.

Summary: A novel austenitic lightweight steel with ultra-high strength and ductility was successfully fabricated and its microstructure and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The unique microstructure, consisting of ultra-fine recrystallized austenite grains, submicron scale B2 particles and nanoscale B2 precipitates, contributes to the superior tensile properties of the material. Furthermore, the transformation and deformation mechanisms of the B2 phase were elucidated through the study of microstructure evolution during annealing and tensile process.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Microstructural study of microbands in a Fe-30Mn-6.5Al-0.3C low-density steel deformed at cryogenic temperature by combined electron channeling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction

I. Gutierrez-Urrutia et al.

Summary: In this study, the microstructural characteristics of the microband structure in low-density steel deformed at low temperatures were investigated. The nucleation mechanisms and grain-orientation dependence of the microband structure were analyzed, providing insight into the deformation behavior of the steel at cryogenic temperatures.

ACTA MATERIALIA (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Ultra-high strength medium-Mn lightweight steel by dislocation slip band refinement and suppressed intergranular ?-carbide with Cr addition

Mingxiang Liu et al.

Summary: An ultra-high strength lightweight steel has been developed in this study, with improved ductility and strain hardening ability through the addition of Cr element. By carefully controlling alloy composition and processing methods, the steel achieved high elongation, yield and tensile strength of around 1.5 GPa, meeting the requirements of ultra-high strength and lightweight in automotive applications.

MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Effect of ?-carbides on the mechanical properties and superparamagnetism of Fe-28Mn-11Al-1.5/1.7C-5Cr lightweight steels

Jinxu Liu et al.

Summary: The effect of kappa-carbides on the mechanical properties and superparamagnetism of lightweight steels was investigated. It was found that 1.7C steel has more and larger kappa-carbides, resulting in higher strength. Additionally, the strain hardening rate of 1.7C steel is higher and it does not exhibit yield phenomena. After solution treatment, the strength of both steels decreased but the elongation increased.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The relationship between austenite morphology and continuous TRIP effects in forged 4Mn steel

Ran Tao et al.

Summary: In this study, forged medium-Mn steel with high tensile strength and elongation was developed, and the effect of quenching temperature on its properties was investigated. Different morphologies of austenite showed different stability during the deformation process. This finding provides theoretical guidance for controlling the microstructure of high-performance medium-Mn steels.

MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Effect of early stage of κ-carbides precipitation on tensile properties and deformation mechanism in high Mn-Al-C austenitic low-density steel

P. Ren et al.

Summary: High Mn-Al-C austenitic low-density steels possess excellent combination of strength and ductility due to their great strain hardening capability. In this study, it is found that the early precipitation of kappa-carbides slows down the evolution of microstructure and deteriorates the work hardening capability, while increasing the cooling rate significantly improves the ultimate tensile strength of the alloy without decreasing the yield strength.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2022)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Austenite-Based Fe-Mn-Al-C Lightweight Steels: Research and Prospective

Hua Ding et al.

Summary: Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steels have been intensively investigated, and different types of steels with excellent mechanical properties have been discovered. The addition of Al and high C content significantly affects the microstructures and mechanical properties of the lightweight steels. Due to their high stacking fault energies, the microstructural evolution, strengthening mechanisms, and deformation behaviors of these steels differ from those of conventional steels. The relationship between the microstructures and mechanical properties has been widely studied, and several deformation mechanisms have been proposed.

METALS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

κ-Carbide assisted nucleation of B2: A novel pathway to develop high specific strength steels

A. Zargaran et al.

Summary: Utilizing kappa-carbide nanoparticles to promote the formation and engineer the morphology of B2 phase, a novel precipitation hardened hot rolled lightweight steel with excellent combination of ultrahigh specific strength and ductility has been fabricated, leading to a significant enhancement in precipitation strengthening and work hardening capability.

ACTA MATERIALIA (2021)

Review Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Low Density Fe-Mn-Al-C Steels: Phase Structures, Mechanisms and Properties

Ivan Gutierrez-Urrutia

Summary: This review introduces the structural phases, microstructural characteristics, and properties of low density Fe-Mn-Al-C steels, highlighting their potential applications in lightweight car body structures and cryogenic industry. It also discusses the latest alloy design strategies and future challenges for establishing these steels as structural materials for industrial applications.

ISIJ INTERNATIONAL (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Deformation mechanisms of a novel Mn-based 1 GPa TRIP/TWIP assisted lightweight steel with 63% ductility

Shenghui Sun et al.

Summary: By utilizing the Mn preservation-cold rolling-intercritical annealing route, a novel Mn-based lightweight steel with bimodal grain size distribution was obtained, showing a good balance of high strength and high ductility. The bimodal distribution of austenite grains triggered multi-stage TRIP effects and TWIP-coordinated TRIP effects, improving strain hardening ability while maintaining high tensile ductility.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Microband-Induced Plasticity in a Nb Content Fe-28Mn-10Al-C Low Density Steel

Tao Ma et al.

Summary: A novel low-density steel, Fe-28Mn-10Al-C-0.5Nb, was developed and studied for its excellent combination of strength and ductility, with the dominant deformation mechanism attributed to plasticity induced by microbands. The addition of Nb did not alter the deformation mechanism and strengthening mechanism, but optimized the mechanical properties of the steel.

METALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

High Temperature Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Low-Density Steel Fe30Mn11Al1C Micro-Alloyed with Nb and V

Hui Wang et al.

Summary: The study focused on the high temperature deformation behaviors of a low-density steel alloy, developing flow stress constitutive models and thermal processing maps, demonstrating the existence of a safe high-temperature region and a small unstable high deformation region.

MATERIALS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The Effects of Age Hardening on Tribological Behavior of Lightweight Fe-Mn-Al-C Steel

Mohammad Ali Sohrabizadeh et al.

Summary: This research investigates the wear behavior of Fe-22Mn-10Al-1.4C austenitic steel under different aging conditions. The results show that aging treatments significantly improve the hardness and wear resistance of the steel. Additionally, there is a strong correlation between aging time and temperature with the tribological behavior.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Crystallographic texture evolution and martensite transformation in the strain hardening process of a ferrite-based low density steel

Mingxiang Liu et al.

Summary: The strain-induced martensite transformation plays a crucial role in the strain hardening process of low-density steel. This transformation is affected by the texture evolution and grain size of austenite, influencing the rate of martensite transformation in each stage of strain hardening. The presence of TWIP effect and high density dislocations during martensite transformation contributes to continuous hardening, but the final stage is slowed down by unfavorable orientation and reduced grain size of austenite.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Reverse partitioning of Al from κ-carbide to the γ-matrix upon Ni addition and its strengthening effect in Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel

Chiwon Kim et al.

Summary: The study found that the addition of Ni to Fe-Mn-Al-C-Si-Mo cast lightweight steel led to simultaneous cooperative precipitation- and solid solution-strengthening after aging, effectively suppressing the movement of dislocations and contributing to continuous hardening. Atom probe tomography revealed that Al was preferentially enriched in the gamma-matrix in the aged 3Ni steel, with clustering of Ni atoms observed, indicating reverse partitioning of Al from kappa-carbide to the gamma-matrix through Ni addition. This study provides the first report of this phenomenon.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Role of Nb Addition on Microstructural Stability and Deformation Behaviors of FeMnAlC Lightweight Steels at 400 °C

Byeong-Hun Park et al.

Summary: The study investigated the influence of Nb addition on microstructure and tensile deformation behaviors of FeMnAlC lightweight steels for high-temperature applications. It was found that Nb addition led to grain refinement, increased strength, and improved microstructural stability.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Correlation of Delta-Ferrite with Tensile and Charpy Impact Properties of Austenitic Fe-23Mn-Al-C Steels

Sang-In Lee et al.

Summary: This study investigated the correlation of delta-ferrite with the tensile and Charpy impact properties of austenitic Fe-23Mn-Al-C steels for cryogenic applications. The results showed that the delta-ferrite fraction influenced the strength and deformation behavior of the steels, while also affecting the low-temperature toughness due to the propagation of brittle cracks at cryogenic temperatures.

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Deformation microstructures as well as strengthening and toughening mechanisms of low-density high Mn steels for cryogenic applications

Jun Chen et al.

Summary: Al addition in high Mn steels leads to solid-solution strengthening and grain refinement, but formation of delta-ferrite at 8.0wt% Al content results in brittleness. The major deformation mechanisms change with increasing Al content, impacting the total elongation and impact properties of the steels.

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Effect of annealing treatment on microstructures and properties of austenite-based Fe-28Mn-9Al-0.8C lightweight steel with addition of Cu

Zhuo Chen et al.

Summary: The mechanical properties of austenite-based Fe-Mn-Al-C steel were improved by co-precipitation of nanoscale Cu-rich and kappa-carbide particles. The highest yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were achieved at an annealing temperature of 600 degrees Celsius, with a total elongation of 25%.

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The effect of Ti-Mo-Nb on the microstructures and tensile properties of a Fe-Mn-Al-C austenitic steel

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J. H. Hwang et al.

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Microstructural evolution and tensile properties of Fe-11Mn-10Al-1.2C medium-Mn lightweight steel

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Synergistic strengthening effect induced ultrahigh yield strength in lightweight Fe-30Mn-11Al-1.2C steel

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Revealing the mechanical properties and microstructure evolutions of Fe-22Mn-0.6C-(x)Al TWIP steels via Al alloying control

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Wei He et al.

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Dependence of austenite stability and deformation behavior on tempering time in an ultrahigh strength medium Mn TRIP steel

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Effect of Nb on the microstructure and properties of Ti-Mo microalloyed high-strength ferritic steel

Huihui Huang et al.

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The effect of vanadium micro-alloying on the microstructure and the tensile behavior of TWIP steel

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Fe-Al-Mn-C lightweight structural alloys: a review on the microstructures and mechanical properties

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