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Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
S. Alwmark et al.
Summary: We conducted a combined analysis of crater floor rocks in Jezero crater using geomorphologic, multispectral, and geochemical data obtained by the Mast Camera Zoom and SuperCam instruments onboard the NASA Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. Our study allows us to interpret the origins of rocks exposed along the Artuby ridge, which are predominantly lava flows with some layers formed by weathering, volcanic ash deposition, or wind-borne sediment deposition. These findings provide crucial geological context for the Maaz formation samples that will be returned to Earth and highlight the diversity and complexity of geologic processes on Mars.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
L. Mandon et al.
Summary: The Perseverance rover examined the mineralogy of the rocks, regolith, and dust in the Jezero crater on Mars. It found that the bedrock contains olivine-bearing rocks at the bottom and high-Ca pyroxene-bearing rocks at the top, suggesting an igneous origin. Aqueous alteration was detected in most of the rocks, indicating widespread but limited alteration of the crater floor. The diverse mineralogy suggests at least two stages of aqueous alteration, forming phyllosilicates and oxyhydroxides, and later sulfates.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
A. Udry et al.
Summary: The Maaz formation and the Content member in Jezero crater consist of different lava flows and/or pyroclastic flows with complex textures. They display low magnesium content and a wide diversity in compositions and textures compared to other Martian igneous rocks. The study of returned Maaz samples will contribute to understanding the formation processes, improving crater counting techniques, and enhancing our knowledge of magmatism on Mars.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
J. I. Simon et al.
Summary: The first samples collected by the Mars 2020 mission from the Jezero Crater floor contain evidence of igneous lithologies and aqueous activity, including major rock-forming minerals and various water-soluble minerals. Analysis of these samples will provide insights into the geological processes and the planet's interior at the time of rock formation, as well as the timing and conditions of aqueous activity. The returned samples will also help to understand the crater chronology of Mars and the habitability of Jezero Crater.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
M. S. Rice et al.
Summary: NASA's Mars-2020 Perseverance rover has spent its first year in Jezero crater studying the characteristics of mafic lava flows and ultramafic cumulates. The analysis of rock and soil samples is critical for understanding the geology and deposition processes in this area. The study reveals that the rock spectra in Jezero crater are less diverse compared to those in Gale crater, but a new spectral class of Olivine-like rocks has been identified in the Seitah formation.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
L. S. Crumpler et al.
Summary: This study presents detailed mapping of the geological context on Mars based on observations from rover and helicopter, providing documentation of the geology and surface structure along the Mars 2020/Perseverance rover's traverse. The mapping results reveal the sequence of various igneous lithologies and geological features, including bedrock outcrops, lava flows, regolith, and impact craters.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
T. M. Casademont et al.
Summary: The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover's RIMFAX ground penetrating radar has been used to survey the shallow subsurface. The data collected within the first 379 mission days reveal hyperbolic patterns, indicating the presence of buried objects or cavities in the upper 5 meters of the subsurface. By matching these patterns with theoretical traveltime hyperbolas, the researchers obtained detailed estimates of radar wave propagation velocity, average dielectric permittivity, and bulk rock density.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Vivian Z. Sun et al.
Summary: The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover successfully landed in Jezero crater on February 18, 2021. The rover's first science campaign explored the crater floor and revealed the origins and characteristics of the Maaz and Seitah formations, leading to significant scientific discoveries. The campaign achieved important milestones and has significant implications for understanding the geological history and past habitability of the crater.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
C. Quantin-Nataf et al.
Summary: This paper assesses the investigation results of the Perseverance rover in the dark crater floor unit of Jezero crater during the first year of the Mars 2020 mission. Four samples were collected from this unit. The study reveals heterogeneous crater density distribution and evidence of buried remnants of deposits on the top of the dark floor unit. The complex exposure history of the Jezero dark crater floor unit requires further analysis for understanding its potential in informing the Martian cratering chronology.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Alicia Vaughan et al.
Summary: A study conducted by the Perseverance rover on the regolith of Jezero crater floor units identified three types: fine-grained, coarse-grained, and mixed-type. The characteristics of these regolith types, such as texture, particle size, and composition, were determined using various instruments. Fine-grained regolith was found surrounding bedrock and boulders, coarse-grained regolith consisted of well-sorted gray grains, and mixed-type regolith included both fine and coarse-grained components. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for understanding regolith formation within Jezero crater.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
L. S. Crumpler et al.
Summary: Mapping of in situ geologic context based on rover and helicopter observations provides a detailed record and understanding of the geology and exposed surface structures along the Mars 2020/Perseverance rover traverse. The mapping reveals a sequence of igneous lithologies, including early mafic rocks, deeply altered bedrock, lava flows, regolith, and impact craters.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
S. Alwmark et al.
Summary: This study presents an analysis of crater floor rocks in Jezero crater on Mars using geomorphologic, multispectral, and geochemical data. The results suggest that the rocks along the Artuby ridge originated as lava flows from multiple eruptions, and other factors such as weathering, interbedding of lava and volcanic ash/tephra, or wind-borne sediment deposition may have contributed to the formation of certain layers and textures.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
L. Mandon et al.
Summary: This study assessed the mineralogy of rocks, regolith, and dust on the crater floor of Jezero on Mars during the first year of the Perseverance rover mission using the SuperCam spectrometer. The results indicate a diverse aqueous mineralogy and suggest an igneous origin for the rocks. The analysis also reveals two stages of aqueous alteration history and widespread past processes of dust induration under liquid water activity.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
A. Udry et al.
Summary: The Maaz formation in Jezero crater on Mars, analyzed by the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, is an igneous rock formation consisting of different lava flows and/or pyroclastic flows with complex textures. It exhibits unique compositions and structures compared to other Martian rocks. The study of these rocks in Earth-based laboratories will contribute to a better understanding of Martian magmatism.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
C. B. Hundal et al.
Summary: This study explores the potential volcanic ash origin of a widespread mafic caprock in the Circum-Isidis region on Mars, suggesting its similarity to a mafic rock formation in the Jezero Crater. The hypotheses can be tested through the Perseverance rover and studies of returned samples.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
A. Deanne Rogers et al.
Summary: Previously reported plagioclase detections in the near-IR are associated with crater-exposed subsurface materials and light-toned bedrock plains. Different lithologies are found in Nili Patera and Terra Sabaea, with feldpathic materials dominated by plagioclase and silica content below 60 wt% in Nili Patera, and lithologies with significant alkali feldspar and higher silica content in Terra Sabaea.
Article
Geology
Michael S. Phillips et al.
Summary: Mars is important for understanding crustal formation and recent evidence suggests the presence of evolved components in its ancient crust. Using imaging spectrometer data, feldspathic rocks were discovered in a large area north of Hellas, potentially representing the primary crust of Mars.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
James F. Bell et al.
Summary: Perseverance's Mastcam-Z instrument provides high-resolution stereo and multispectral images, revealing different types of rocks and environmental features in the Jezero crater on Mars, and providing valuable geological context and scientific data for Mars exploration missions.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. Merusi et al.
Summary: The radiometric calibration targets mounted on the Mars Perseverance rover have been proven effective in calibrating Mastcam-Z images to reflectance. The targets were imaged regularly to extract mean radiance values and convert them to reflectance using a linear fit model. The presence of dust on the magnets was minimized to ensure accurate calibration. Further investigation is needed to explain a small offset in the calibration model and the yellowing effect on one of the target materials.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Melissa S. Rice et al.
Summary: The Curiosity rover has explored the vertical stratigraphy of Gale Crater, analyzing different rock and soil spectral classes using the Mastcam multispectral instrument. The results show that rock classes are dominated by hematite and other oxides, while soil classes are influenced by dark mafic sands.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2022)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
A. Rudolph et al.
Summary: This article discusses the diagenesis and distribution of clay minerals in the Glen Torridon area of the Gale crater on Mars. The research indicates that there have been multiple episodes of diagenesis, with increasing abundance and diversity from the lower to upper sections. Morphological evidence for different diagenetic stages has also been observed, with the suggestion that the sandstone-dominated Stimson formation acted as a conduit for fluid flow during diagenesis.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Y. Liu et al.
Summary: This study conducted a petrographic analysis of the Seitah formation in Jezero crater on Mars using multispectral images and x-ray fluorescence data. The results show that the rocks in this formation are mainly composed of coarse-grained olivine, suggesting they may be olivine cumulate.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
K. A. Farley et al.
Summary: The Perseverance rover has discovered water-altered igneous rocks in the Jezero crater on Mars and found evidence of brine evaporation in the core samples. These samples may be brought back to Earth for further research.
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
James T. Haber et al.
Summary: The study uses Mastcam multispectral data to investigate the mineralogy of the Sutton Island member of the Murray formation in Gale crater, suggesting a complex history of deposition and diagenesis that may be crucial for understanding changing water-rock interactions within the crater.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roger C. Wiens et al.
Summary: The study reveals that the subsurface of Jezero crater is primarily composed of volcanic and intrusive terrains with compositional and density stratification. Basaltic rocks with higher plagioclase content are found in higher stratigraphic locations, while layered rocks with more normative pyroxene are found in lower stratigraphic layers. The lowest observed unit with the highest inferred density is olivine-rich and shows characteristics of cumulate origin. The presence of alteration materials suggests relatively brief lacustrine conditions. Orbital observations connect the lithology of the Jezero floor to the broader Nili-Syrtis region, indicating regional density-driven compositional stratification.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Svein-Erik Hamran et al.
Summary: The Radar Imager for Mars Subsurface Experiment has conducted the first rover-mounted ground-penetrating radar survey of the Martian subsurface, revealing strongly reflecting layered sequences and providing insights into the geological history of Mars.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Noel A. Scudder et al.
Summary: The natural variations in volcanic rocks play a critical role in understanding mantle and crust conditions. Thermal infrared spectroscopy is effective in modeling mineralogy, crystallinity, and mineral chemistry in volcanic rocks, while visible/near-infrared spectroscopy should supplement petrology by providing unique constraints on oxide minerals, microtexture, and alteration processes.
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Roger C. Wiens et al.
Summary: The SuperCam instrument suite provides the Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, with versatile remote-sensing techniques that can be used at long distances and within the robotic-arm workspace. It is divided into the mast unit (MU) and body unit (BU), with communication through optical fiber. The instrument includes laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, visible and infrared spectroscopy, and more.
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2021)
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Robert C. Moeller et al.
Summary: The Mars 2020 mission aims to conduct new scientific exploration on Mars with the Perseverance Rover, studying habitability, searching for biosignatures, acquiring samples, and preparing for potential human missions. The Sampling and Caching Subsystem (SCS) consists of the Robotic Arm, Turret and Corer, and Adaptive Caching Assembly (ACA), enabling surface interactions, sample transfer, and caching. Testing and validation efforts have led to successful preparations for the SCS to operate on Mars.
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
N. Mangold et al.
Summary: Observations from the Perseverance rover on Mars reveal a fan-shaped body of sedimentary rock in Jezero crater, indicating a transition from sustained hydrologic activity in a persistent lake environment to highly energetic short-duration fluvial flows. The presence of inclined strata and boulder conglomerates in the outcrops suggest evidence of deltas advancing into a lake and deposition by episodic high-energy floods.
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Alexander G. Hayes et al.
Summary: The NASA Perseverance rover's Mastcam-Z system consists of a pair of zoomable, focusable, multi-spectral, and color CCD cameras with high radiometric and geometric accuracy. Through extensive image acquisition and testing, the radiometric calibration and image quality are good, meeting design requirements.
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2021)
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
J. F. Bell et al.
Summary: Mastcam-Z is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging investigation tool on the Perseverance rover for the Mars 2020 mission. It consists of a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras that provide detailed color imaging with high resolution. Mastcam-Z will be used for capturing morphology, topography, and geological context, as well as documenting sample extraction and caching locations, supporting sample selection, driving decisions, and other rover operations.
SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2021)
Review
Astronomy & Astrophysics
S. Maurice et al.
Summary: During the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, SuperCam is used to remotely analyze rocks and collect essential data for characterizing the area and selecting samples. Comprising of five techniques from multiple countries, the SuperCam instrument is crucial for achieving the mission goals on Mars.
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(2021)
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