4.6 Article

Male infertility

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Summary: This study reveals a significant decline in sperm count among men from all continents, with a more pronounced decrease observed post-2000. The decline in sperm count is not limited to North America-Europe-Australia, but also seen in South/Central America-Asia-Africa. Urgent research and action are needed to investigate the causes and prevent further disruption of male reproductive health.

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Summary: This study examined the association between the use of IBD medications (biologics, thiopurine, methotrexate) and semen parameters as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes among male patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The results showed that there was no significant difference in sperm count, motility, or abnormal morphology between patients exposed to IBD medications and nonexposed patients. The prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes was also similar between the two groups. Therefore, the use of IBD medications does not impair male fertility or increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Summary: This study provides a comprehensive description of the effects of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on testicular development, spermatogenesis, male genital tract malformations, testicular tumors, and the mechanisms of testicular EDC-mediated damage. Animal studies and human research confirm the deleterious impact of EDCs on the male reproductive system, including hormone receptor binding, dysregulation of receptor expression, disruption of hormonal metabolism, and alteration of epigenetic mechanisms. Increased prenatal and postnatal exposure to EDCs compared to the past may likely contribute to the decline in sperm counts.

ENDOCRINE (2023)

Review Biology

Impact of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on male infertility: an assessment of the mechanism and consequences

Rohit Gautam et al.

Summary: The harmful impact of electromagnetic radiation on the male reproductive system, affecting sperm parameters and genomic stability, is primarily attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capacity. This paper emphasizes the importance of safety measures when using electronic devices and mobile phones.

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The sixth edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen: ensuring quality and standardization in basic examination of human ejaculates

Lars Bjorndahl et al.

Summary: The principles of basic semen investigation are crucial for obtaining reliable and internationally comparable results. However, many studies and practices in reproductive medicine fail to adhere to these principles, leading to a lack of comparable data and accuracy. To address this issue, the sixth edition of the WHO manual introduces revised methods and a complementary formal standard from the International Standards Organization. The new edition also reintroduces the four-category distinction of sperm motility and emphasizes the importance of semen examination for assessing male reproductive functions and overall male health.

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What advances may the future bring to the diagnosis, treatment, and care of male sexual and reproductive health?

Christopher L. R. Barratt et al.

Summary: This article introduces the changes and improvements in laboratory methods for semen evaluation over the past 40 years, as well as the potential advancements in new technologies and diagnostic approaches that may alter routine semen analysis methods in the future. The article also discusses potential advances that could significantly impact the field of andrology in the future.

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Evolution of the WHO Semen processing manual from the first (1980) to the sixth edition (2021)

Christina Wang et al.

Summary: This article highlights the importance and the latest edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. The manual aims to standardize semen analysis procedures to assess male reproductive function and health, while providing up-to-date information on laboratory procedures.

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Article Obstetrics & Gynecology

The changing tide of human fertility

R. John Aitken

Summary: Over the past few decades, fertility rates have declined significantly in almost every country, mainly due to social factors such as education of women and a shift in life's purpose. Environmental and lifestyle factors also play a role, particularly in male reproductive health. The demographic transition and increased use of assisted reproductive technologies contribute to the exacerbation of infertility.

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Environmental factors in declining human fertility

Niels E. Skakkebaek et al.

Summary: In the past half century, there has been a severe decline in child births, particularly in industrialized regions, leading to considerable population declines. Human reproductive health is deteriorating in these regions, with widespread infertility and increasing need for assisted reproduction. This deterioration is linked to environmental factors.

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Who cares about oligozoospermia when we have ICSI

Sandro C. Esteve

Summary: The value of assessing subfertile males with oligozoospermia is controversial, but offering indiscriminate ICSI is not the best choice. Oligozoospermia is associated with poor male reproductive health, sperm damage, and adverse health consequences for offspring. Many testicular conditions can cause oligozoospermia, and therapeutic interventions can improve sperm quality and male health. Fertility clinics should collaborate with male infertility specialists to diagnose and treat oligozoospermia for better patient health, pregnancy prospects, and offspring well-being.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE ONLINE (2022)

Review Obstetrics & Gynecology

Male fertility as a marker for health

Tony Chen et al.

Summary: Male reproduction is associated with medical diseases, psychological diseases, environmental exposures, dietary habits, and other factors. Diagnosis of male infertility is related to future disease risk. The evaluation of male fertility provides an opportunity to improve male health, requiring a multidisciplinary approach.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE ONLINE (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Environmental and occupational pesticide exposure and human sperm parameters: A Navigation Guide review

Eric T. Knapke et al.

Summary: The global decline in sperm counts has been associated with the increasing exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, particularly pesticides. A systematic review of 19 studies found consistent associations between pesticide exposure and reduced sperm quality, especially in terms of sperm motility and DNA integrity. Despite some variations in the findings for sperm concentration and morphology, there is sufficient evidence to support the toxicity of pesticides on male reproductive health.

TOXICOLOGY (2022)

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Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens

Zhonglin Cai et al.

Summary: Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) is a common cause of male infertility, often associated with cystic fibrosis. It is primarily caused by gene mutations and carries the risk of genetic transmission. Sperm retrieval surgery and assisted reproductive technology can help CBAVD patients achieve fertility, but the outcome may be affected by gene mutations.

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Toxicity of Antioxidant Supplements in Patients with Male Factor Infertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Massimiliano Creta et al.

Summary: Treating oxidative stress through antioxidant therapy is an appealing strategy for managing male infertility. However, there is controversial evidence regarding the toxicity of antioxidant therapy. A systematic review of available clinical evidence found that antioxidant supplementation in infertile males was associated with a significantly increased risk of nausea, headache, and dyspepsia compared to a placebo. However, the rate of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was not significantly higher in patients taking antioxidants. A more accurate risk/benefit analysis is needed when considering antioxidant supplementation.

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Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance - United States, 2018

Saswati Sunderam et al.

Summary: Since the first U.S. infant conceived with assisted reproductive technology (ART) was born in 1981, the use of ART has steadily increased in the United States. While ART treatments have been successful, they also come with increasing risks of multiple births.

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Automated rare sperm identification from low-magnification microscopy images of dissociated microsurgical testicular sperm extraction samples using deep learning

Ryan Lee et al.

Summary: A machine learning algorithm was developed to detect rare human sperm in semen and microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (microTESE) samples using bright-field (BF) microscopy for nonobstructive azoospermia patients. The algorithm achieved high precision and sensitivity in both validation and testing stages.

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Sperm count is increased by diet-induced weight loss and maintained by exercise or GLP-1 analogue treatment: a randomized controlled trial

Emil Andersen et al.

Summary: This study investigates the effects of diet-induced weight loss on semen parameters in men with obesity. The findings show that an 8-week low-calorie diet resulted in improved sperm concentration and count, which were maintained after 1 year in men who maintained weight loss.

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Actionable secondary findings following exome sequencing of 836 non-obstructive azoospermia cases and their value in patient management

Laura Kasak et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the load, distribution, and clinical value of secondary findings identified in exome sequencing of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). The findings showed that 3.6% of NOA cases carried medically actionable secondary findings, and 37% of patients with secondary findings had variants in genes linked to male infertility. Further research is needed to determine the characteristics of these secondary findings in the general population and NOA patients specifically.

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ALDH2 Expression, Alcohol Intake and Semen Parameters among East Asian Men

Daniel R. Greenberg et al.

Summary: This study found an association between alcohol intake and semen parameters among East Asian men carrying the ALDH2*2 allele. Alcohol consumption was associated with significantly lower total and progressive sperm motility in ALDH2*2 carriers. Furthermore, ALDH2 expression in spermatozoa was significantly lower in ALDH2*2 carriers.

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Evolution of the World Health Organization semen analysis manual: where are we?

Sandro C. Esteves

Summary: This article provides a comprehensive overview and discussion of the newly released sixth edition of the WHO semen analysis manual. It also discusses the limitations of routine semen analysis-based infertility assessment and potential solutions to improve male infertility work-up.

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WHO 2021 and 2030 reference values for semen assessment: three challenges for andrology in the journey ahead

Ana Vasconcelos et al.

Summary: This article identifies three key challenges in formulating the World Health Organization reference values for semen assessment for 2021, and presents suggested solutions that will have a real-world influence on the next iteration of the reference values for semen assessments and andrology in general.

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Achievement of complete in vitro spermatogenesis in testicular tissues from prepubertal mice exposed to mono- or polychemotherapy

Marion Delessard et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of chemotherapy on in vitro spermatogenesis in mice and found that combination chemotherapy led to significant changes and apoptosis in testicular tissue, but did not affect the ability of in vitro sperm production.

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Updates in Sertoli Cell-Mediated Signaling During Spermatogenesis and Advances in Restoring Sertoli Cell Function

Victor A. Ruthig et al.

Summary: Since their discovery, Sertoli cells have fascinated researchers in the field of testis biology. They play a crucial role in regulating germ cell state through endocrine and paracrine signals. Recent advances in understanding these signals have potential implications for treating male infertility, while Sertoli cell transplantation has emerged as a promising breakthrough.

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Spermatogonial Stem Cell-Based Therapies: Taking Preclinical Research to the Next Level

Iris Sanou et al.

Summary: Fertility preservation through biobanking of testicular tissue is recommended for boys undergoing treatment before puberty. However, current fertility therapies using SSCs are still in preclinical phases. Further research and resolution of major issues are needed for optimal clinical implementation.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2022)

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Male Sexual Dysfunction and Infertility in Spinal Cord Injury Patients: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

Francesco Di Bello et al.

Summary: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant medical and social problem that often results in sexual dysfunction and fertility problems for patients. The best management strategies for ejaculatory disorders include penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) and electroejaculation (EEJ), while medical therapies and surgical options are available for treating erectile dysfunction.

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The statistical foundation of the reference population for semen analysis included in the sixth edition of the WHO manual: a critical reappraisal of the evidence

Alessio Paffoni et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the proposed reference values in the WHO Laboratory Manual for human semen examination and processing. The target population used did not meet the prerequisites for generating consistent reference intervals, and the descriptive reference values from individual studies also failed to accurately describe the populations. Therefore, the use of reference populations to distinguish between fertile and infertile men in the manual is questionable.

HUMAN REPRODUCTION (2022)

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Do studies published in two leading reproduction journals between 2011 and 2020 demonstrate that they followed WHO5 recommendations for basic semen analysis?

A. L. Vasconcelos et al.

Summary: Despite 70% of papers stating that they followed the WHO5 recommendations, there was low evidence of methodological agreement with these recommendations.

HUMAN REPRODUCTION (2022)

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The Molecular Signature of Human Testicular Peritubular Cells Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis

Annika Liebich et al.

Summary: Peritubular cells of the human testis play important roles in sperm transport and spermatogonial stem cell niche. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing was used to study cultured human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs) isolated from donors with normal spermatogenesis. The expression profile of HTPCs revealed cell plasticity and identified four cellular states. The findings provide insights into the functions of human testicular peritubular cells and serve as a resource for further understanding male (in)fertility.
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Effects of recreational cannabis on testicular function in primary infertile men

Federico Belladelli et al.

Summary: The study found that infertile men using cannabis are more likely to have lower testosterone levels and altered sperm morphology compared to nonusers, but not with sperm concentration and sperm motility. This reflects the negative impact of cannabis on the male reproductive system.

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Standards in semen examination: publishing reproducible and reliable data based on high-quality methodology

Lars Bjorndahl et al.

Summary: Biomedical science is making rapid progress in terms of transparency, openness, and reproducibility of scientific publications, particularly in studies based on human semen examination. Two recent documents, the 6th edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, and the International Standard ISO 23162:2021, provide guidelines for authors to follow these laboratory methods and use a checklist to ensure the reliability of their studies when publishing in peer-reviewed journals.

HUMAN REPRODUCTION (2022)

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Metabolomics of Human Semen: A Review of Different Analytical Methods to Unravel Biomarkers for Male Fertility Disorders

Janet Blaurock et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the attempts made so far to overcome the decreasing fertilizing ability of human spermatozoa using metabolomics-based investigations. Various analytical methods, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography (GC), infrared (IR), Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, have been discussed. Results show that LC-MS detects the highest number of metabolites and can be considered as the method of choice. However, the reproducibility of some studies is poor, and further improvements of study designs are needed, along with a stronger focus on the biochemical consequences of altered metabolite concentrations.

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Genetic Implications of Male-Reproductive-Health-Associated Comorbidities

Nahid Punjani et al.

Summary: Male infertility is a common problem, and infertile men may have significant illnesses. The genetic causes of male infertility also have implications on other systemic diseases. Thorough examinations are important for men seeking fertility assessments.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF UROLOGY (2022)

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Male infertility: what on earth is going on? Pilot international questionnaire study regarding clinical evaluation and fertility treatment for men

Nkoyenum Pamela Olisa et al.

Summary: Infertility is a complex process that mainly affects women, but there is little published data on the clinical evaluation of infertile men. This study used a SurveyMonkey questionnaire to assess the current clinical practice of fertility specialists. The results showed that a significant number of clinicians did not consider male medical history in detail and did not routinely examine infertile men. Improvement in clinical care is needed in these areas.

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Environmental disruptors and testicular cancer

Fabiana Faja et al.

Summary: Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among young adult males. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) play a crucial role in the origin and development of this tumor. However, limited and heterogeneous human epidemiological studies show conflicting data, highlighting the complexity of the topic.

ENDOCRINE (2022)

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ART in Europe, 2018: results generated from European registries by ESHRE†

C. Wyns et al.

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HUMAN REPRODUCTION OPEN (2022)

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Fertility quality of life tool: update on research and practice considerations

Emily Koert et al.

Summary: The 36-item Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) tool is widely used to assess quality of life in fertility patients. Research shows that some FertiQoL subscale scores improved after psychological interventions. Future studies should focus on measurement issues and associations with fertility quality of life.

HUMAN FERTILITY (2021)

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Increased Mortality Among Men Diagnosed With Impaired Fertility: Analysis of US Claims Data

Francesco Del Giudice et al.

Summary: This study found a significant association between male infertility and higher risk of mortality, especially among men with azoospermia. Even after excluding prevalent cardiovascular and malignant diseases, infertile men still had a higher risk of death.

UROLOGY (2021)

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Craig Niederberger

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Pollutants and sperm quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Damiano Pizzol et al.

Summary: Male fertility and semen quality have declined in recent decades, with environmental and occupational pollution potentially impacting sperm quality. It is important to further understand the effects of pollutants on human, animal, and planetary health, as sperm quality is considered a proxy for general health and pollutants have a significant impact on climate change.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2021)

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Top 10 priorities for future infertility research: an international consensus development study

J. M. N. Duffy et al.

Summary: The study identified the top 10 research priorities in male infertility, female and unexplained infertility, medically assisted reproduction, and ethics, access, and organization of care for people with fertility problems. The research priorities highlight the importance of addressing the emotional and psychological impact of infertility, improving access to fertility treatment, and securing appropriate regulation. This diverse range of research priorities will require a variety of research methodologies to tackle the issues effectively.

FERTILITY AND STERILITY (2021)

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Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part I

Peter N. Schlegel et al.

Summary: This study is Part I of a two-part series on the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility, focusing on the appropriate evaluation of males in infertile couples. The presence of male infertility is crucial to the health of patients and its detection increases the risk of developing other health problems for men.

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Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II

Peter N. Schlegel et al.

Summary: This study presents Part II of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men guideline, focusing on the appropriate management of male infertility in infertile couples and various treatment options. The guideline offers evidence-based recommendations for the management of male infertility, which are summarized in an associated algorithm for easier reference and implementation.

FERTILITY AND STERILITY (2021)

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Association between preconception paternal health and pregnancy loss in the USA: an analysis of US claims data

Alex M. Kasman et al.

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Fertility evaluation of infertile women: a committee opinion

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International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies world report: assisted reproductive technology, 2014

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HUMAN REPRODUCTION (2021)

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The Association between Mortality and Male Infertility: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Francesco Del Giudice et al.

Summary: The relationship between impaired male fertility and the risk of early death was explored through systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based retrospective cohort studies. The study found that infertile men have a higher risk of death compared to fertile men, and the risk of death increases with severity of semen quality impairment. However, infertile men have a lower overall risk of death compared to the general population, suggesting the importance of social determinants of health.

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Yukiko Ishikura et al.

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European Association of Urology Guidelines on Male Sexual and Reproductive Health: 2021 Update on Male Infertility

Suks Minhas et al.

Summary: The latest guidelines from the European Association of Urology recommend comprehensive urological evaluation for infertile men to identify and treat modifiable causes of infertility, as well as to monitor their risk for cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, there is still insufficient evidence to support the routine use of some treatments and surgical interventions in clinical practice.

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Semen parameter thresholds and time-to-conception in subfertile couples: how high is high enough?

Sorena Keihani et al.

Summary: This study found that thresholds for total sperm count, sperm concentration, progressive motility, and total progressive motile sperm count (TPMC) well above the WHO references were associated with earlier time-to-conception and higher conception rates in couples undergoing fertility evaluation. Higher values of sperm count, concentration, and progressive motility beyond the WHO references were still associated with better conception rates and time-to-conception.

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Cumulative delivery rate per aspiration IVF/ICSI cycle in POSEIDON patients: a real-world evidence study of 9073 patients

Sandro C. Esteves et al.

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Differential Diagnosis of Azoospermia in Men with Infertility

Danilo L. Andrade et al.

Summary: The differential diagnosis between obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia involves a comprehensive evaluation including medical history, physical examination, semen analysis, hormonal assessment, genetic tests, and imaging studies. Testicular biopsy may be necessary in cases of doubt, and should be combined with sperm extraction for sperm cryopreservation. A multidisciplinary approach involving reproductive urologists/andrologists, geneticists, pathologists, and embryologists is crucial for the best diagnostic path for men with azoospermia.

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Viral infections and implications for male reproductive health

Thiago A. Teixeira et al.

Summary: Viral infections can have adverse effects on male reproductive health and impact offspring health through sexual transmission. Diagnosis and treatment strategies are important for addressing these issues.

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Role of genetics and epigenetics in male infertility

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Genetic mutations contributing to non-obstructive azoospermia

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