☆ 4.8 Review

Chemical recycling of polyolefins: a closed-loop cycle of waste to olefins

NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW (2023)

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Converting Plastic Wastes to Naphtha for Closing the Plastic Loop

Lin Li et al.

Summary: We present a tandem catalytic conversion of LDPE into naphtha, the key feedstock for renewable plastic production, to address the serious environmental problem and resource waste of plastic pollution. The use of beta zeolite and silicalite-1-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles (Pt@S-1) enables a high naphtha yield of 89.5% and selectivity of 96.8% for C5-C9 hydrocarbons at 250 degrees C. This method utilizes acid sites to crack LDPE into olefin intermediates, which then encounter Pt nanoparticles within the channels of Pt@S-1 for hydrogenation and selective shipping of the resulting olefins, leading to the formation of narrow-distributed alkanes. Conceptually, this approach is suitable for closing the plastic loop, offering significant energy savings of 15% and a 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Study on structure and properties of remained solids from liquefaction of Naomaohu coal in tetrahydronaphthalene

Xizhuang Qin et al.

Summary: The liquefaction of a vitrinite-rich coal, Naomaohu (NMH), in tetrahydronaphthalene (THN) at temperatures ranging from 380 to 460 degrees C was studied to understand the main reactions and determine the temperature at which condensation reactions become significant. It was found that NMH showed high activity at 420 degrees C with a conversion rate of over 90% and an oil-plus-water yield of 39% in 40 minutes. The condensation behaviors and product yield at temperatures below 420 degrees C were different from those at higher temperatures. The composition and structure of the solid residues also varied with temperature.

FUEL (2023)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Low-temperature upcycling of polyolefins into liquid alkanes via tandem cracking-alkylation

Wei Zhang et al.

Summary: We propose a unique approach to selectively upcycle polyolefin waste by utilizing a highly ionic reaction environment, which increases polymer reactivity and reduces energy required for breaking carbon-carbon bonds. By catalyzing endothermic cleavage and exothermic alkylation reactions, we are able to convert polyethylene and polypropylene to liquid isoalkanes at temperatures below 100 degrees C. This process offers a high yield conversion of unprocessed postconsumer items into high-quality liquid alkanes.

SCIENCE (2023)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production: A review

Siu Hua Chang

Summary: Turning plastic waste into plastic oil by pyrolysis is a promising technique for addressing plastic waste pollution and promoting the circular economy of plastics. While there has been significant scientific output in this field, there is a lack of up-to-date reviews specifically focusing on plastic oil production from pyrolysis. This review aims to fill this gap by providing an overview of plastic waste as a feedstock for plastic oil production, discussing the characteristics of different types of plastic waste, the pyrolysis systems and conditions, and the challenges and prospects for large-scale production of plastic oil.

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

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Summary: One convenient strategy to reduce environmental impact and pollution involves the reuse and revalorization of waste produced by modern society. Gas chromatography plays an important role in studying pyrolysis oils and organic contaminants, providing molecular composition information for tailoring the pyrolysis process and detecting contaminants. The molecular characterization of waste stream products, particularly pyrolysis oils, is crucial for their efficient utilization and further purification processes.

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Progress and perspective for conversion of plastic wastes into valuable chemicals

Kai Zheng et al.

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Review Thermodynamics

A review on catalytic pyrolysis of plastic wastes to high-value products

Yujie Peng et al.

Summary: With the increasing plastic waste and decreasing fossil energy, pyrolysis has emerged as a promising technology for converting plastic waste into fuels and chemicals. This review discusses the properties of common plastics, the pyrolysis mechanism, and the product distribution. Catalysts, such as zeolites, base catalysts, and clays, have shown advantages over thermal cracking. Upgrading and further utilization of the liquid fuels and non-condensable gas co-product are necessary before commercial application. The review emphasizes the importance of techno-economic assessment and aims to inspire research efforts in creating a circular economy.

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Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate?

Marvin Kusenberg et al.

Summary: Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals is expected to dominate in the next decade, but the use of plastic waste pyrolysis oils presents safety and operational risks due to contaminants. Evaluating the feasibility of steam cracking these alternative feedstocks depends on the contaminants.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2022)

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Review Thermodynamics

Transport fuel from waste plastics pyrolysis - A review on technologies, challenges and opportunities

M. I. Jahirul et al.

Summary: This study reviewed the research findings of thermochemical conversion technologies of mixed waste plastics (MWP) into transport engine fuel. The study found that pyrolysis of MWP produces high oil yields and good fuel properties. However, certain types of plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride, are not suitable for pyrolysis due to the production of harmful gases. Engine testing with MWP oil showed delayed combustion and higher emissions. Further research is needed to address the challenges and issues for industrial and commercial applications.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2022)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

A review on chemometric techniques with infrared, Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for sorting plastic waste in the recycling industry

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Summary: Mismanagement of plastic waste globally has led to environmental issues that could be addressed by increasing plastic recycling rates. This paper comprehensively reviews recent studies applying chemometric methods to plastic waste sorting, revealing that the scope of plastic waste should be expanded, hybrid spectroscopic methods could overcome limitations, an open-sourced standardized plastic waste spectra database is needed, and more novel machine learning tools such as deep learning should be utilized for plastic sorting.

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Assessing the feasibility of chemical recycling via steam cracking of untreated plastic waste pyrolysis oils: Feedstock impurities, product yields and coke formation

Marvin Kusenberg et al.

Summary: Chemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis and subsequent steam cracking shows potential to overcome limitations in current plastic waste recycling methods. In this study, steam cracking of two types of plastic waste pyrolysis oils was evaluated, and it was found that they have high ethylene yields but also produce significant amounts of heavy products. Contaminants were identified as a key driver for coke formation.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Elucidating the structure-performance relationship of typical commercial zeolites in catalytic cracking of low-density polyethylene

Yi Wang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the catalytic performance of four commercial zeolites (HZSM-5, H beta, HY, and SAPO-11) in the cracking of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using a self-designed batch reactor. The acid strength of zeolites was found to be positively correlated with the cracking conversion. HZSM-5 and H beta zeolites exhibited high conversion rates, while large micropores promoted the formation of isomerized products but also led to significant coking. H beta zeolite achieved the highest yield of gasoline components, while HZSM-5 and HY showed high yields of aromatization products.

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Coking-Resistant Polyethylene Upcycling Modulated by Zeolite Micropore Diffusion

Jindi Duan et al.

Summary: A low-temperature conversion of polyethylene into olefins is reported, which provides an efficient way to upgrade plastic waste into valuable chemicals.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

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Fuel production via catalytic cracking of pre-hydrotreated heavy-fuel oil generated by marine-transport operations

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SCIENCE (2022)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Critical evaluation of biodegradation studies on synthetic plastics through a systematic literature review

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Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Pyro-Wax and Gas Analysis

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Summary: The study found that the addition of olivine in the fluidized bed increased the yield of wax pyrolytic product from high-density polyethylene and enhanced the formation of olefins. Pyro-wax has a high energy content, making it a potential source of fuel.

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Influence of pre-screening on down-stream processing for the production of plastic enriched fractions for recycling from mixed commercial and municipal waste

S. Moellnitz et al.

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Tandem Heterogeneous Catalysis for Polyethylene Depolymerization via an Olefin-Intermediate Process

Lucas D. Ellis et al.

Summary: Recent research has developed a new chemical recycling technology that utilizes a heterogeneous catalyst system to depolymerize polyethylene feedstocks into a mixture of alkane products, offering a selective and versatile means to break down polyolefins at lower severity conditions.

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Review Energy & Fuels

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Pyrolysis of plastic wastes in a fountain confined conical spouted bed reactor: Determination of stable operating conditions

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Hamza Louati et al.

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Plastic recycling in a circular economy; determining environmental performance through an LCA matrix model approach

A. E. Schwarz et al.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Highly Selective and Stable Production of Aromatics via High-Pressure Methanol Conversion

Tuiana Shoinkhorova et al.

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Plastic Waste Conversion over a Refinery Waste Catalyst

Ina Vollmer et al.

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ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Life cycle environmental impacts of chemical recycling via pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste in comparison with mechanical recycling and energy recovery

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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Motion Behavior Model and Multistage Magnetic Separation Method for the Removal of Impurities from Recycled Waste Plastics

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TEMPERATURE AND TIME INFLUENCE ON THE WASTE PLASTICS PYROLYSIS IN THE FIXED BED REACTOR

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Efficient and selective degradation of polyethylenes into liquid fuels and waxes under mild conditions

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SCIENCE ADVANCES (2016)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Gasoline-range hydrocarbons produced from microwave-induced pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene over ZSM-5

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FUEL (2015)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Flotation separation of waste plastics for recycling-A review

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WASTE MANAGEMENT (2015)

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Article Thermodynamics

Pyrolysis Study of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Into Premium Oil Products

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY (2015)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Efficient disposal of waste polyolefins through microwave assisted pyrolysis

Andrea Undri et al.

FUEL (2014)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Feedstock recycling of waste polymers by thermal cracking in molten metal: thermodynamic analysis

Marek Stelmachowski

JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT (2014)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Conversion of mixed plastic wastes in a dual fluidized bed steam gasifier

V. Wilk et al.

FUEL (2013)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Light olefins from HDPE cracking in a two-step thermal and catalytic process

M. Artetxe et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Characterization of the waxes obtained by the pyrolysis of polyolefin plastics in a conical spouted bed reactor

M. Arabiourrutia et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2012)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Product Yields and Compositions in the Continuous Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene in a Conical Spouted Bed Reactor

Gorka Elordi et al.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2011)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Pyrolysis of a fraction of waste polypropylene and polyethylene for the recovery of BTX aromatics using a fluidized bed reactor

Su-Hwa Jung et al.

FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (2010)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Fluidized bed gasification of waste-derived fuels

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WASTE MANAGEMENT (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

HDPE chemical recycling promoted by phenol solvent

G. Vicente et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2009)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Enhanced production of α-olefins by thermal degradation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in decalin solvent:: Effect of the reaction time and temperature

J. Aguado et al.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2007)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Feedstock recycling of polyethylene in a two-step thermo-catalytic reaction system

J. Aguado et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2007)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Effects of hydrogen-donating solvents on the thermal degradation of HDPE

D. P. Serrano et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2007)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Novel process for recycling waste plastics to fuel gas using a moving-bed reactor

Y Kodera et al.

ENERGY & FUELS (2006)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Fluidized bed thermal degradation products of HDPE in an inert atmosphere and in air-nitrogen mixtures

FJ Mastral et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2003)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Conversion of low density polyethylene into petrochemical feedstocks using a continuous screw kiln reactor

DP Serrano et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS (2001)

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Article Polymer Science

Pyrolysis of mixed polyolefins in a fluidised-bed reactor and on a pyro-GC/MS to yield aliphatic waxes

M Predel et al.

POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2000)

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