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Review
Microbiology
Alessandro G. Carabelli et al.
Summary: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in late 2020 marked a major change in the virus's adaptation to humans, resulting in increased transmission rates and ability to evade immune responses. These VOCs, designated Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, rapidly became dominant globally, outcompeting previous variants. The success of VOCs can be attributed to the altered properties of the virus and changes in antigenicity, influenced by both vaccination and prior infection.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Dara Khosravi et al.
Summary: We report a case of an immunocompromised HIV patient with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, in whom significant evolution of the virus occurred, including the emergence of two mutations associated with escape from monoclonal antibody treatment.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Chatikorn Boonkrai et al.
Summary: This study aimed to develop a monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 using hybridoma technology. The generated human monoclonal antibodies showed high binding activity and neutralized the interaction between the viral protein and the cellular receptor. In vivo studies demonstrated the potential of the antibody cocktail treatment to reduce viral load in various tissues, although further research is needed to optimize its administration and efficacy in specific targeted tissues.
Article
Cell Biology
Bettina Stolp et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) exhibit enhanced transmissibility and resistance to antibody neutralization, resulting in a broader spectrum of symptoms and systemic infection. These variants also deplete natural killer cells, trigger variant-specific cytokine production, and induce accelerated disease progression with increased immune activation and inflammation.
Review
Immunology
Priyal Mistry et al.
Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic has led to the development of vaccines and investigation into the immune response to the virus. Variants of the virus have presented challenges to vaccine effectiveness. It is important to understand the immune memory response and continue to develop new antibody treatments and future vaccine approaches.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sissy Therese Sonnleitner et al.
Summary: This study reports the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 immune escape mutations in an immunocompromised patient with prolonged viral shedding. The results suggest that specific mutations may confer a fitness advantage to the virus and could be potential targets for future vaccine and therapeutic development for COVID-19.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Challika Kaewborisuth et al.
Summary: This study describes the immunogenicity of a chimeric VLP-based COVID-19 vaccine and demonstrates its strong protection against SARS-CoV-2 viremia in mice.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Gabriel Cia et al.
Summary: The article introduces a structure-based computational model called SpikePro, which can quickly and accurately predict the viral fitness of newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. The model evaluates the virus's transmissibility, infectivity, immune escape, and reproduction rate, providing crucial information for decision-making in the formulation of COVID-19 plans before new waves occur.
Article
Microbiology
Tyler N. Starr et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to undergo mutations in the spike receptor-binding domain, affecting biochemical properties related to ACE2 receptor binding, folding stability, and antibody recognition. This study investigates the effects of these mutations in the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants, showing potential changes in function compared to the ancestral strain. The research highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance and understanding the mutational landscape for effective monitoring and control of the virus.
Article
Immunology
Maria Manali et al.
Summary: The breadth and potency of the antibody-mediated response against SARS-CoV-2 is influenced by exposure type, number of exposures, and the genotype of the infecting variant. Patients with mixed immunity acquired by vaccination and infection exhibit the most effective responses.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tomokazu Konishi
Review
Virology
Lok Bahadur Shrestha et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is a major public health concern due to its high infectivity and antibody evasion. It has rapidly become the dominant variant worldwide and has evolved through several variants. The evolution of Omicron is thought to be influenced by zoonotic spillage, infection in immunocompromised individuals, and undiagnosed spread in the community. Current research suggests that Omicron is more infectious than the original Wuhan-Hu-1 and Delta variants, but less severe in terms of its impact on lung tissue. Vaccines have shown reduced effectiveness against Omicron, but booster shots can improve efficacy. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have limited effectiveness against Omicron, with some exceptions. New variants, such as BA.4 and BA.5, are emerging and are reported to be more transmissible and resistant to immunity generated by previous variants and monoclonal antibodies.
REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Ching-Wen Chang et al.
Summary: Researchers have successfully generated a human cell line for studying SARS-CoV-2 by transducing human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 into A549 cells. These cells are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, including the delta and omicron variants. Additionally, several antiviral drugs showed strong inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 variants in this cell model.
Article
Virology
Sam A. J. Wilkinson et al.
Summary: Long-term severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in immunodeficient patients are an important source of variation for the virus but are understudied. This study aims to rectify this and study the genomics of this patient group. Spike gene receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain (NTD) were identified as mutation hotspots, and numerous mutations associated with variants of concern were observed to emerge recurrently. Additionally, a mutation in the envelope gene, T30I, was determined to be the second most frequent recurrently occurring mutation in persistent infections. Many recurrent mutations in immunodeficient individuals are associated with ACE2 affinity, immune escape, or viral packaging optimization.
Review
Immunology
Susan DeWolf et al.
Summary: Immunocompromised individuals, especially those with hematologic malignancies, are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2-related diseases and death due to immune deficiencies. Understanding the progression of viral infections in these individuals is crucial and can help improve prevention and treatment strategies for COVID-19.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Erika Giorgia Quaranta et al.
Summary: Chronic infection in immunocompromised individuals may lead to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune evasion properties.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Virology
Kanjana Srisutthisamphan et al.
Summary: This study analyzed the neutralizing effects of serum samples from COVID-19 patients and individuals vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on coronaviruses transmitted by bats and pangolins. The researchers found that one bat coronavirus strain (RaTG13) exhibited higher neutralizing activity and lower affinity for binding to the human ACE2 receptor. This study provides insights into how pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 may protect against related sarbecoviruses.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Anupriya Aggarwal et al.
Summary: The study reveals that all Omicron variants significantly evade neutralizing antibodies from a range of vaccination and/or convalescent responses. The potency of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is also reduced and varies across Omicron lineages. The key difference of the BA.5 variant from other Omicron sub-variants is the reversion to using the well-known ACE2-TMPRSS2 pathway, which was efficiently utilized by pre-Omicron lineages. Monitoring the impact of these changes on transmission and disease severity is crucial for ongoing tracking and management of Omicron waves globally.
Article
Virology
Allison J. Greaney et al.
Summary: This study develops an "escape estimator" by aggregating deep mutational scanning data to predict the impact of viral mutations on antibody recognition and score the antigenic effect of mutation combinations. The scores from the estimator correlate with neutralization assays, highlighting the concerning antigenic properties of the Omicron variant.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Carolina Lucas et al.
Summary: This study found that individuals previously infected with the virus had higher antibody titres post-vaccination compared to those who were uninfected, but both groups reached comparable levels of neutralization responses to the ancestral strain after the second vaccine dose. Comprehensive analysis of 16 locally circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants revealed varying degrees of reduction in neutralization capacity associated with specific mutations in the spike gene, suggesting vaccine boosters as a relevant future strategy to counteract the impact of emerging variants on antibody neutralizing activity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sebastian Weigang et al.
Summary: In a longitudinal case study, researchers demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 variants with reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies can evolve within persistently infected immunosuppressed patients. The study suggests that immunocompromised patients may serve as a potential source for the emergence of harmful variants, although immune control against these variants can still be achieved in some cases through the generation of neutralizing antibodies upon lowering immunosuppressive treatment.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Lok Bahadur Shrestha et al.
Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns globally, prompting research to find broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to combat these variants. The discovery of these antibodies may help in the development of therapeutic antibodies and guide the discovery of second-generation vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Fabrizio Pucci et al.
Summary: The SpikePro computational model accurately predicts the fitness of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by analyzing the Spike protein's structure and sequence, helping study related virus characteristics and mutational evolution.
Letter
Cell Biology
Jia Liu et al.
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Lawrence Corey et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Chengchao Ding et al.
Summary: Research has found that certain key mutations in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 may lead to the virus evading neutralization by convalescent plasmas and monoclonal antibodies.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Liang Chen et al.
Summary: The study documented the microevolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunosuppressed patient undergoing steroid and convalescent plasma therapy, showing multiple NTD and RBD mutations. This suggests that immunocompromised patients may serve as breeding grounds for immune escape mutants, highlighting the need for enhanced measures to reduce transmission.
Article
Microbiology
Fengming Sun et al.
Summary: The study used single-molecule real-time technology to sequence the haplotypes of spike gene from 9 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients, revealing stable quasispecies structures and potential evolutionary advantages of minor mutants. The findings suggest that virus populations in different tissues/organs may replicate independently, and the quasispecies complexity of sputum samples is significantly lower than that of nasopharyngeal swabs.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2021)
Review
Biology
Roy M. Anderson et al.
Summary: Despite significant progress in understanding SARS-CoV-2 over the past 18 months, uncertainties remain in areas such as factors predisposing to asymptomatic infection and the duration of immunity post infection and vaccination. The emergence of viral variants globally and the challenges in achieving herd immunity are also key concerns.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yan Wu et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tyler N. Starr et al.
Article
Virology
Alexander S. Jureka et al.
