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Review
Microbiology
Alessandro G. Carabelli et al.
Summary: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in late 2020 marked a major change in the virus's adaptation to humans, resulting in increased transmission rates and ability to evade immune responses. These VOCs, designated Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, rapidly became dominant globally, outcompeting previous variants. The success of VOCs can be attributed to the altered properties of the virus and changes in antigenicity, influenced by both vaccination and prior infection.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rupsha Fraser et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality, but has limited impact on viral transmission and waning immunity. Immune responses in respiratory tract mucosal tissues are essential for infection control, but current vaccines cannot effectively target the upper airways, leading to breakthrough infections and limited duration of protection. To address these issues, a strategy is proposed to enhance vaccine efficacy and durability by inducing robust memory responses in the upper respiratory tract mucosa.
TRENDS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Patricia Almendro-Vazquez et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response is crucial for viral clearance, COVID-19 outcome, and long-term memory. Impaired early T cell-driven immunity leads to severe disease, while an early induction of specific T cells followed by antibody production is associated with a mild course. Delayed and persistent CD8+ T cell activation may contribute to lung pathology. Long-term maintenance of T cell response appears more stable than antibody levels. T cell responses are conserved against variants of concern, and current COVID-19 vaccination elicits a protective T cell response.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: A substantial amount of evidence from the past two and a half years has shown the significant roles T cells play in SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-vaccination. Infection or vaccination triggers multi-epitope CD4 and CD8 T cell responses with polyfunctionality. Early T cell responses are associated with mild COVID-19 outcomes. Alongside animal model data, these findings suggest that while antibody responses are crucial in preventing infection, T cell responses also contribute to reducing disease severity and controlling infection. T cell memory following vaccination lasts for at least six months. Although SARS-CoV-2 variants affect neutralizing antibody responses, most CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are preserved. This review highlights the extensive progress made, as well as the remaining data and knowledge gaps, in understanding T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccines.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Clark D. Russell et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marion Humbert et al.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Shona C. Moore et al.
Summary: In this study, the researchers observed the immune response changes in 684 UK healthcare workers after receiving two doses of BNT162b2 or AZD1222 vaccines during a follow-up period of 6-9 months. The study found that the antibody and memory B cell responses were relatively stable, while the levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies declined. The study also found that individuals with prior infection had stronger and broader T cell responses to the vaccine, especially after receiving the third dose.
Article
Immunology
Sam M. M. Murray et al.
Summary: Several studies have reported pre-existing cross-reactive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 proteins in individuals who have not been infected. The high homology between SARS-CoV-2 and common cold coronaviruses is believed to be a likely source of this cross-reactivity. However, the impact of these cross-reactive responses on the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination is still uncertain. This review examines the evidence regarding the influence of pre-existing humoral and T cell immune responses on the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, and discusses the importance of conserved coronavirus epitopes for the development of pan-coronavirus vaccines and the potential cross-reactivity of immune responses to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 variants in the context of COVID-19 vaccination.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.
Summary: On November 24, 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron-B.1.1.529, was announced. Compared to previous variants, Omicron has a higher number of mutations in the Spike (S) protein. Serum neutralization of Omicron by individuals vaccinated or previously infected with Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants is significantly reduced or ineffective. Third vaccine doses can boost neutralization titers against Omicron, and high titers are observed in both vaccinated individuals and those infected with the Delta variant. Most potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under development are unable to effectively neutralize Omicron due to mutations in its Spike protein. Omicron has structural changes compared to earlier viruses and utilizes mutations that enhance its binding to ACE2, allowing for immune escape. This results in a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and a rebalancing of receptor affinity similar to earlier pandemic viruses.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sam Afkhami et al.
Summary: The study found that using adenoviral vectors with a multivalent vaccine through intranasal immunization can generate better mucosal immune responses, including local and systemic antibody responses, mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells, and mucosal trained innate immunity, and provide protection against multiple viral variants.
Article
Immunology
Lil Meyer-Arndt et al.
Summary: Advanced age is a major risk factor for severe COVID-19. Vaccination in older individuals produces stronger immune responses compared to middle-aged individuals and COVID-19 convalescents, but the durability of salivary antibodies and neutralizing capacity is lower. Pre-existing spike-specific CD4(+) T cells are a predictor of an efficient COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune response in older individuals.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Ramy Abou Ghayda et al.
Summary: This study aims to provide a more accurate understanding of the case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 by conducting meta-analyses based on continents and income levels. The results showed that CFR is not a fixed value, but varies over time and across different regions and income levels.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sarah Temmam et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2-like bat viruses that are potentially infectious for humans circulate in Rhinolophus spp. in the Indochinese peninsula, and they can enter human cells through the hACE2 pathway, indicating the need for further understanding of the origin of the epidemic.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jonas S. Heitmann et al.
Summary: The study showed that CoVac-1 vaccine has a favorable safety profile, inducing broad, potent T cell responses that are independent of SARS-CoV-2 variants, supporting its ongoing evaluation in a phase II trial for patients with B cell or antibody deficiency.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Leo Swadling et al.
Summary: Research suggests that some individuals can clear potential SARS-CoV-2 infection after exposure, with T cells playing a role in the process. Studying healthcare workers who tested negative for antibodies revealed that they had stronger and more diverse memory T cells, with a focus on RTC.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jinyan Liu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that cellular immunity induced by current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is highly conserved to the Omicron spike protein. Individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccines showed durable spike-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses that were cross-reactive to both the Delta and Omicron variants, including in central and effector memory cellular subpopulations.
Review
Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Gao et al.
Summary: This study found that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against the Omicron variant. Additionally, T cells induced by BNT162b2 vaccination exhibit higher cross-reactivity to the Omicron variant compared to T cells induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Review
Microbiology
Manuel Ruiz-Aravena et al.
Summary: Bats are known to carry a variety of coronaviruses and have been identified as prime reservoir hosts for emerging viruses. Since the first SARS epidemic in 2002, the understanding of bats as key hosts of coronaviruses has rapidly advanced. There are critical knowledge gaps regarding bat coronaviruses, and filling these gaps may help prevent the next pandemic.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
David M. Morens et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Fabian Schmidt et al.
Summary: Neutralization assays showed much lower omicron neutralization compared to Wuhan-hu-1 after two doses of mRNA vaccine, but individuals who received a booster vaccine or were vaccinated after recovering from Covid-19 exhibited high levels of omicron neutralization.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Barbara A. Cohn et al.
Summary: This study reports the effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and death in veterans, with a decline in vaccine effectiveness observed for all vaccine types. The decline was greatest for the Janssen vaccine. However, vaccination remained protective against death for individuals who became infected during the Delta variant surge. The study also found variations in the vaccine effectiveness against death among different age groups.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rhia Kundu et al.
Nature Communications
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Anna Foix et al.
Summary: The study reveals that there are viral mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome that can evade the immune response. The genetic variability of protective capacity between humans is underscored, as different allele families show extreme differences in epitopes. Escape mutations affecting supertype epitopes have already occurred in about 50% of the population, but they are unlikely to pose a threat to the global population. However, mutations in susceptible alleles might cause viral selective pressure and local outbreaks.
PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Anshumali Mittal et al.
Summary: This review focuses on the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, the structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization, and the identification of escape mutations for designing escape-resistant antibody therapeutics and vaccines.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Aqu Alu et al.
Summary: Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are administered intramuscularly and fail to activate mucosal immunity, which contributes to the inability to prevent upper respiratory tract infection. The demand for the next generation of COVID-19 vaccines that can induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses has led to the investigation of intranasal vaccination. Several intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are currently under intensive investigation, with 12 candidates in clinical trials at different phases.
Article
Immunology
Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zeli Zhang et al.
Summary: Multiple COVID-19 vaccines have successfully protected against symptomatic cases and deaths. Comparisons of T cell, B cell, and antibody responses to different vaccines can provide insights into protective immunity against COVID-19, particularly immune memory. mRNA vaccines and Ad26.COV2.S induced strong T cell responses, while mRNA vaccines showed substantial declines in antibodies.
Review
Immunology
Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: Investing in research to uncover mechanisms of broad-based immunity and developing vaccines that elicit both broadly protective antibodies and T cells is crucial to mitigate the impact of the next viral pandemic.
Review
Immunology
Robert C. Mettelman et al.
Summary: The lungs are constantly exposed to various substances and pathogens, thus requiring regulation of immune responses in the respiratory tract with understanding of the interactions between structural and immune cells. Studying immune responses in the lungs is crucial for treating pulmonary diseases and infections, as well as next-generation vaccine design.
News Item
Medicine, General & Internal
Howard D. Larkin
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Minh N. Nguyen et al.
Summary: AllerCatPro 2.0 is a web server for predicting the allergenic potential of proteins with better accuracy than other methods, and new features to help assessors make informed decisions. It predicts protein similarity using amino acid sequences and predicted 3D structures.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Brock Kingstad-Bakke et al.
Summary: The study found that mucosal or parenteral immunization effectively controlled the virus and protected the lungs from damage with or without neutralizing antibodies. The protection provided by mucosal memory CD8 T cells was largely redundant in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, but unhelped mucosal memory CD8 T cells provided no protection against the homologous SARS-CoV-2 without CD4 T cells and neutralizing antibodies.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Daniel M. Altmann et al.
Summary: A diverse range of first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been successful in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, although inequitable distribution remains an issue. Future challenges include optimizing immunological boosting strategies and building an immune repertoire that can protect against upcoming viral variants.
Article
Microbiology
Andrew D. Redd et al.
Summary: This study found that the newly identified Omicron variant of concern contains only one mutation in a low-prevalence epitope targeted by CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that the T-cell immune response in previously infected and vaccinated individuals should still be effective against Omicron.
Article
Cell Biology
Aniuska Becerra-Artiles et al.
Summary: This study identified a highly conserved CD4 T cell epitope, S811-831, widely recognized in human populations among convalescent COVID-19 donors and mRNA vaccine recipients. These epitopes are recognized by low-abundance CD4 T cells from convalescent COVID-19 donors, mRNA vaccine recipients, and uninfected donors.
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Kuldeep Dhama et al.
Summary: Multiple vaccines have been developed for COVID-19, with most countries vaccinating their population. While intramuscular injection is commonly used, intranasal vaccines are also being developed. These vaccines have shown the ability to induce immune responses and provide mucosal immunity. This article highlights the progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges of intranasal COVID-19 vaccines.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Natacha Madelon et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate T-cell responses to the Omicron spike protein in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with anti-CD20 therapy before and after a third mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. The results showed that the third dose enhanced T-cell responses to all variants, suggesting that COVID-19 vaccination may protect patients taking B-cell-depleting drugs against severe complications from infection.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lorenzo De Marco et al.
Summary: This cohort study in Italy showed that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was recognized by the cellular component of the immune system in immunized adults, despite mutations in the spike protein. It is reasonable to assume that protection from hospitalization and severe disease will be maintained.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Li Guo et al.
Summary: This study investigated the durability and functionality of the humoral and T-cell response to the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and variants in recovered patients 12 months after infection. The results showed that neutralising antibodies and T-cell responses were retained 12 months after initial infection. However, the neutralising antibody responses to the D614G, beta, and delta variants were reduced compared to the original strain, while T-cell responses were cross-reactive to the beta variant. This suggests that cross-reactive T-cell responses may be particularly important in protecting against severe disease caused by variants, while neutralising antibody responses seem to diminish over time.
Review
Immunology
Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: Immunological memory is the foundation of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. Significantly progress has been made in understanding the memory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines, surpassing that of any other acute infectious disease. This knowledge can inform public policies and scientific development of future vaccines.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Oliver J. Watson et al.
Summary: A study quantified the global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination programs, finding that the vaccination has substantially altered the course of the pandemic, saving tens of millions of lives globally. However, inadequate access to vaccines in low-income countries has limited the impact, reinforcing the need for global vaccine equity and coverage.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Fangxin Zhao et al.
Summary: This review discusses the immune evasion and high variability of SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as the challenges in designing universal vaccines against these variants. The article summarizes several novel approaches worthy of further study, including construction of chimeric immunogens and design of protein nanoparticle antigens. Some immunogens may induce cross-reactive immune responses against multiple coronaviruses, providing insights for the development of universal vaccines.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Iris N. Pardieck et al.
Summary: Repeated booster vaccinations with a three dose regimen of a synthetic peptide vaccine significantly enhance the CD8(+) T cell response, leading to protection against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding the mechanisms and impact of booster vaccinations is crucial for vaccine design and delivery.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Cecilia A. Sanchez et al.
Summary: This study maps the overlap between humans and bat hosts of SARSr-CoV and estimates the number of people infected with bat-origin SARSr-CoVs in Southeast Asia annually. The findings provide valuable information for targeting surveillance and prevention programs for potential future bat-CoV outbreaks.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jinyi Tang et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces strong immune responses in the circulation, but its effectiveness in the respiratory tract, especially against variants of concern like Omicron, is still uncertain. This study found lower neutralizing antibody responses in the respiratory tract of vaccinated individuals compared to COVID-19 convalescents, despite robust antibody responses in the blood. Vaccination also induced circulating B and T cell immunity, but these responses were absent in the respiratory tract. Mouse immunization experiments showed that systemic mRNA vaccination alone resulted in weak respiratory mucosal neutralizing antibody responses, but combining it with mucosal adenovirus-S immunization produced strong neutralizing antibody responses against both the ancestral virus and the Omicron variant. Overall, this study suggests that current COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against severe disease, but provide limited protection against breakthrough infections, particularly by the Omicron sublineage.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Antonio Bertoletti et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the evidence supporting the role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in disease protection and analyzes the different factors that may influence the magnitude, function, and anatomical localization of these T cells, as well as their impact on protecting the host from severe COVID-19 development.
Editorial Material
Immunology
Ilka Wahl et al.
Summary: Immune memory develops during primary infections to protect from future exposures to the same pathogen. Vaccines can induce immune memory, providing protection against severe disease and symptomatic infection. Sterilizing immunity prevents the establishment of infection and contributes to protection at both individual and population levels.
Article
Immunology
Mariana O. Diniz et al.
Summary: T cells can contribute to clearance of respiratory viruses and provide long-lasting protection. Pre-existing cross-reactive T cell responses play a crucial role in resisting infection. Airway-resident T cells with cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 have been found in healthy individuals, suggesting their potential use in mucosal vaccines.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tianyang Mao et al.
Summary: This study developed a vaccine strategy called prime and spike, which activates mucosal immune memory within the respiratory tract and induces strong immune responses. It enhances both systemic and local immunity against SARS-CoV-2, and provides full protection against lethal infection in partially immune mice.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Michael D. Schultz et al.
Summary: This study found that intranasal administration of AdCOVID can limit viral replication in the nasal cavity of mice and induce sterilizing immunity in the lungs, preventing virus-induced pathological damage. This suggests that AdCOVID is not only effective in limiting respiratory tract viral replication, but also in preventing inflammation and immunopathology development.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Yacine Maringer et al.
Summary: This study compares the induction and functionality of T cell immunity after COVID-19 vaccination, finding that different vaccination regimens can induce broad and long-lasting spike-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Booster vaccination has a particular relevance in improving antibody response.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Aneesh Chandran et al.
Summary: Through analysis of immune responses in unvaccinated individuals with non-severe virus infection, this study identifies early type 1 interferon and CD8 T cell responses as potential correlates of protective immunity, providing insights for the development of universal T cell vaccines.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Katherine Kedzierska et al.
Summary: This article discusses epitope-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, their persistence in long-term memory, and their role in limiting disease severity.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maochen Li et al.
Summary: This article systematically assesses the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, including their potential complications and effects on different populations. It recommends governments and relevant agencies to continue the vaccination process while paying attention to vaccine safety, timely treatment of complications, vaccine development, and ensuring patient well-being. Additional measures like mix-and-match vaccination, developing new types of vaccines, and optimizing immune adjuvants are suggested to improve vaccine safety and effectiveness.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Hiroshi Ishii et al.
Summary: This study investigates the efficacy of an intranasal vaccine and finds that it can result in NAbs-independent control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by inducing CD8(+) T cell responses.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Oliver J. Watson et al.
Summary: The study estimated that COVID-19 vaccination has prevented millions of deaths globally between December 8, 2020, and December 8, 2021. Achieving the vaccination coverage targets set by COVAX and WHO could have prevented even more deaths. However, limited access to vaccines in low-income countries has hindered the impact, highlighting the importance of global vaccine equity.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Biology
Min Wen Ku et al.
Summary: Utilizing a lentiviral vector system with a human beta 2-microglobulin promoter, researchers found that the lentiviral-based vaccine outperformed the Ad5 'gold-standard' in mice and rats by inducing a polyfunctional and long-lived immune response.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Annika Nelde et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell epitopes were identified in convalescent and unexposed individuals, showing cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. The diversity of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses may be associated with mild symptoms of COVID-19.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lauren B. Rodda et al.
Summary: The study found that individuals recovered from mild COVID-19 develop sustained SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory for at least 3 months, including immunoglobulin antibodies, neutralizing plasma, and memory B and T cells. These memory lymphocytes exhibit potent antiviral function, aiding in immune defense.
Article
Microbiology
Min-Wen Ku et al.
Summary: Vaccination using a lentiviral vector to induce neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 provides partial protection when administered systemically, but intranasal immunization results in a significant decrease in lung viral load and reduced local inflammation. Integrative and non-integrative lentiviral platforms both show strong vaccine efficacy against COVID-19 in golden hamsters, highlighting the potential of intranasal vaccination as a powerful approach.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Manish Sagar et al.
Summary: The study suggests that individuals with prior endemic coronavirus infections were tested more frequently for respiratory infections, but had similar rates of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, patients with previous endemic coronavirus infections experienced less severe cases of COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Editorial Material
Medicine, Research & Experimental
David K. Meyerholz et al.
Summary: The study found that while there were no significant differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection between those exposed to seasonal common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) and those who were not, hospitalized patients with a history of CCC infection were less likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and had higher survival rates.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Zhen Zhuang et al.
Summary: This study identified SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell epitopes and demonstrated the important role of virus-specific T cells in the immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in regulating immune responses. T cell vaccination alone partially protected SARS-CoV-2-infected mice from severe disease.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Katherine McMahan et al.
Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
News Item
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Smriti Mallapaty
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yair Goldberg et al.
Summary: The immunity against the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 waned in all age groups in Israel a few months after receiving the second dose of the vaccine, leading to an increase in infection and severe cases.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Hiam Chemaitelly et al.
Summary: In a study conducted in Qatar involving over 900,000 participants, vaccine effectiveness peaked at 77.5% in the first month after the second dose. However, it declined afterwards to as low as 20% in months 5 through 7 after vaccination, while protection against severe Covid-19 remained above 90% for at least 6 months.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Jianmin Zuo et al.
Summary: The study shows that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are retained and robust at 6 months following infection, with higher T cell responses observed in donors who had experienced symptomatic infection. Levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were correlated with nucleoprotein-specific antibody levels, providing insights into the persistence and correlation of immune responses.
Article
Virology
Jakob Trimpert et al.
Summary: While spike protein remains a prime target for current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, exploring alternative antigens may lead to more diverse immune responses and potentially better long-term protection against evolving viral variants. In a hamster model, vaccines encoding different viral proteins showed varying levels of protection against infection, with nucleocapsid protein showing notable efficacy in controlling early virus replication despite not inducing neutralizing antibodies.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Deborah Delaune et al.
Summary: The study identified SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in bats sampled in Cambodia, indicating a wider geographic distribution than previously reported. The findings suggest that Southeast Asia may be a key area to consider for future coronavirus surveillance.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dennis Lapuente et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that priming with systemic mRNA and boosting with intranasal adenoviral vector vaccine in mice induces comprehensive T cell and mucosal immunity. The strategy provides complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice after boosting.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Marco Iannetta et al.
Summary: In patients with multiple sclerosis receiving ocrelizumab treatment, specific T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 can still be detected, even in the absence of antibodies. This finding represents a useful tool for improving diagnostic approaches and accurately assessing immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Peter A. van der Ley et al.
Summary: The development of more effective, accessible, and easy to administer COVID-19 vaccines is crucial in curbing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Concerns exist regarding reduced vaccine-induced immune protection to emerging variants, potentially necessitating booster vaccinations for broader and stronger immune responses. Intranasal vaccines can induce local mucosal immunity targeting the primary route of viral entry, with the potential to block transmission, offering practicality in cost and administration.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Katie E. Lineburg et al.
Summary: Efforts are being made to understand the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on T cell immunity and cross-recognition with seasonal coronaviruses. Research has shown that the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces an immunodominant response and T cells demonstrate cross-reactivity towards certain coronaviruses through specific peptide conformations.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jakob Trimpert et al.
Summary: Vaccines play a crucial role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, with large-scale recoding of the virus genome to create live attenuated vaccine candidates offering cross-neutralizing antibody responses and providing protection against COVID-19-like disease in hamsters.
Article
Immunology
Swayam Prakash et al.
Summary: The study identified several conserved human B cell and T cell epitopes across different coronaviruses, suggesting potential for developing a pan-coronavirus vaccine; these epitopes triggered immune responses in both COVID-19 patients and individuals never exposed to SARS-CoV-2, as well as in double-transgenic mice; paving the way for a preemptive multiepitope pancoronavirus vaccine to protect against past, current, and future outbreaks.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jon Cohen
Summary: Researchers are working on developing vaccines that can protect against multiple coronaviruses at once, aiming to enhance immunity against future coronavirus infectious diseases.
Article
Cell Biology
Tatjana Bilich et al.
Summary: The study found that antibody responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals decreased or remained stable within 6 months, while T cell responses showed a robust increase. T cell responses included key epitopes that mediate long-term SARS-CoV-2 immunity.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ane Ogbe et al.
Summary: The study highlights the importance of distinguishing T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 from cross-reactive immune responses to other coronaviruses, showing that the discriminatory ability is significantly influenced by the choice of antigens and type of assay used.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hong Zhou et al.
Summary: A study in Yunnan province, China, found the existence of bat coronaviruses related to both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, with RpYN06 virus being the closest relative of SARS-CoV-2. Ecological modeling predicted the co-existence of up to 23 Rhinolophus bat species, with the largest hot-spots extending from South Laos and Vietnam to southern China. The study highlights the remarkable diversity of bat coronaviruses at the local scale.
Review
Microbiology
Alba Grifoni et al.
Summary: This review summarizes recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes, highlighting the significant correlation between epitope number and antigen size. It also presents an analysis of 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and identifies discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and more prevalently recognized epitopes.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
William E. Matchett et al.
Summary: Vaccination with a human adenovirus type 5 vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein can establish protective immunity and reduce weight loss and viral load in vaccinated Syrian hamsters and K18hACE2 mice. Vaccinated mice showed rapid N-specific T cell recall responses in the respiratory mucosa. This study supports the idea of including additional viral antigens in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to broaden epitope coverage and immune effector mechanisms.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
William T. Harvey et al.
Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lucie Loyal et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that preexisting spike-cross-reactive T cells play a functional role in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may explain the rapid induction of immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization and the high rate of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 cases.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jose Mateus et al.
Summary: This study examined the immune responses to the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine over 7 months, finding that subjects with preexisting cross-reactive T cell memory exhibited stronger CD4(+) T cell and antibody responses to the vaccine. This demonstrates the biological relevance and potential importance of cross-reactive T cells in generating immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Donal T. Skelly et al.
Summary: Vaccination with two doses generates more robust immune responses against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, compared to natural infection. High magnitude T cell responses are produced after two vaccine doses, mainly targeting conserved epitopes between the original isolate and the variants.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Traci L. Bricker et al.
Summary: The study found that intranasal administration provides superior protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation in the upper respiratory tract compared to intramuscular injection, reducing weight loss, viral infection, and lung pathology. Therefore, intranasal delivery of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S candidate vaccine is supported for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Immunology
Vamsee Mallajosyula et al.
Summary: The study suggests that CD8(+) T cells with conserved specificities are more abundant in COVID-19 patients with mild disease, indicating a potential protective role.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Daryl Geers et al.
Summary: This study suggests that some variants might partially escape humoral immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or BNT162b2 vaccination, but the S-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation is not affected by the mutations in the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Julia Niessl et al.
Summary: The study found that in individuals who had not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4(+) T cells were similar in tonsils and peripheral blood, but functional SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD8(+) T cells were mostly found in tonsils. This suggests that preexisting tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells in unexposed individuals could potentially mount rapid immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
R. Glenn King et al.
Summary: The study found that a single intranasal dose of AdCOVID vaccine can generate a strong and focused immune response against RBD, including mucosal IgA in the respiratory tract, serum neutralizing antibodies, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells with a T(h)1-like cytokine expression profile. Additionally, a single AdCOVID dose can result in immunity sustained for over six months and completely protect K18-hACE2 mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge, preventing weight loss and mortality, indicating that AdCOVID promotes concomitant systemic and mucosal immunity and serves as a promising vaccine candidate.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Paul Naaber et al.
Summary: The study found that antibody levels declined at 12 weeks and 6 months after receiving two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, with Spike antibody levels at 6 months being similar to those in individuals who received one dose or had recovered from COVID-19. Most individuals developed Spike-specific memory T cell responses, which were lower in those with higher T cell immunosenescence. Antibody response was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with the total score of vaccination side effects.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: The study showed that SARS-CoV-2 variants do not significantly disrupt total T cell reactivity, although decreases in response frequency of 10%-22% were observed under certain assay/VOC combinations. This underscores the importance of actively monitoring T cell responses in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Isabel Schulien et al.
Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces and forms functionally competent memory CD8(+) T cell responses, which can persist in some SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals. Even in the absence of virus-specific antibodies, these virus epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses are induced following infection.
Article
Immunology
Floriane Gallais et al.
Summary: The study found that all confirmed COVID-19 patients had SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies and T-cell responses lasting up to 102 days after symptom onset, while their contacts remained seronegative but 6 of them reported COVID-19 symptoms within a median of 7 days and 4 of them had positive SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses lasting up to 93 days after infection.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Victor M. Corman et al.
Article
Microbiology
Alexander E. Gorbalenya et al.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alba Grifoni et al.
Article
Immunology
Luca T. Giurgea et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Birkir Reynisson et al.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2020)
Article
Allergy
Annarosa Soresina et al.
PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Nikhil Kirtipal et al.
INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Daniela Weiskopf et al.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Takuya Sekine et al.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Hannah Wurm et al.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Julian Braun et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nina Le Bert et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jose Mateus et al.
Article
Virology
Nikolaus Osterrieder et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Dvir Aran et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Giulietta Saletti et al.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2020)
Article
Cell Biology
Jakob Trimpert et al.
Article
Immunology
Mohammed O. Abdelaziz et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2019)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tomasz Ahrends et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2019)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yaseen M. Arabi et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2017)
Article
Oncology
Sabrina Jutz et al.
Article
Immunology
Jincun Zhao et al.
Article
Immunology
Oi-Wing Ng et al.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Silvia Lazard et al.
MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
(2015)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vineet D. Menachery et al.
Review
Immunology
Claudia C. Oliveira et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2015)
Article
Virology
Rudragouda Channappanavar et al.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2014)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Aaron Shaw et al.
Editorial Material
Virology
Raoul J. de Groot et al.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2013)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sudheer Gupta et al.
Article
Immunology
Fang Tang et al.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2011)
Article
Virology
Hsueh-Ling Janice Oh et al.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2011)
Review
Immunology
Jacques Neefjes et al.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2011)
Article
Immunology
Biliang Hu et al.
Article
Virology
Yan-Ying Fan et al.
ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY
(2009)
Review
Immunology
John Sidney et al.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Kristoffer Weber et al.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jian Yan et al.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Irini A. Doytchinova et al.
BMC BIOINFORMATICS
(2007)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Martine Geraerts et al.
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
M Dullaers et al.
JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE
(2006)
Review
Pediatrics
JD Cherry et al.
PEDIATRIC RESEARCH
(2004)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
N Lee et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2003)
Review
Cell Biology
G Thomas
NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY
(2002)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
C Esslinger et al.
HUMAN GENE THERAPY
(2002)
Article
Cell Biology
BC Gil-Torregrosa et al.
