4.4 Review

Effects of ketone supplements on blood & beta;-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and insulin: A systematic review and three-level meta-analysis

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Summary: In this study, it was found that oral supplementation of externally produced KBs did not improve exercise capacity in patients with GSDV, possibly due to the inhibition of lipolysis and liver glucose output by KBs.

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Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effects of beta-Hydroxybutyrate (beta HB) on firefighters. The results showed that beta HB did not affect the physical performance of firefighters during the search and rescue (S&R) task. However, it had a positive impact on cognitive stress and anxiety.

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Summary: This study provides the first systematic evaluation of the effects of exogenous ketones on blood glucose, showing that acute ingestion of ketone (monoester and salt) supplements can increase blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and decrease blood glucose levels. The study also finds that ketone monoesters have a greater effect compared to salts.

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Prior ingestion of a ketone monoester supplement reduces postprandial glycemic responses in young healthy-weight individuals

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Summary: The study showed that acute ketone monoester supplementation taken 15 minutes before a mixed meal can lower postprandial glucose and NEFA levels without significantly impacting postprandial insulin release or gastric emptying. The glucose- and NEFA-lowering effects of ketone monoester supplementation do not appear to be mediated by changes in insulin release or gastric emptying. Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits of KME supplementation for individuals with impaired glycemic control.

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Bicarbonate Unlocks the Ergogenic Action of Ketone Monoester Intake in Endurance Exercise

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Oral 3-hydroxybutyrate ingestion decreases endogenous glucose production, lipolysis, and hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation in adipose tissue in men: a human randomized, controlled, crossover trial

M. Svart et al.

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Exogenous Ketone Salt Supplementation and Whole-Body Cooling Do Not Improve Short-Term Physical Performance

Daniel Clark et al.

Summary: The study found that ketone salt supplementation and whole-body cooling can increase blood beta-OHB concentrations, but do not improve metabolic shifts in fuel utilization or enhance time trial performance.

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Summary: The study showed that exogenous ketones contribute minimally to energy expenditure during exercise, regardless of exercise intensity, and their oxidation rates do not increase even with blood concentrations exceeding 2 mM. Furthermore, exercise efficiency significantly improves when blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration is raised to around 2 mM.

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Ingestion of an exogenous ketone monoester improves the glycemic response during oral glucose tolerance test in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance: A cross-over randomized trial

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