4.6 Review

Nanomaterials-Based Bioinspired Next Generation Wearable Sensors: A State-of-the-Art Review

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Xingwen Zheng et al.

Summary: Seals can detect prey up to 180 m away using their flow-sensing whiskers. The undulating morphology of their whiskers reduce vortex-induced vibrations, making them highly sensitive to biologically relevant flow stimuli. This study proposes a mathematical framework to accurately recreate the undulating geometry of harbor and grey seal whiskers. The research also reveals that grey seal whiskers have lower vortex-induced vibrations compared to harbor seal whiskers and a smooth cylinder, making them an ideal template for the biomimetic design of VIV-resistant underwater structures. Additionally, neighboring whiskers in an array influence each other, leading to increased vibrations and a possible signal-strengthening effect.

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Fabric-like Electrospun PVAc-Graphene Nanofiber Webs as Wearable and Degradable Piezocapacitive Sensors

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Summary: Flexible piezocapacitive sensors utilizing nanomaterial-polymer composite-based nanofibrous membranes offer an attractive alternative to traditional wearable sensors due to their low power consumption, fast response, low hysteresis, and insensitivity to temperature change. In this study, graphene-dispersed PVAc nanofibrous membrane-based piezocapacitive sensors were fabricated using a simple method for IoT-enabled wearables and human physiological function monitoring. Various tests were conducted to understand the effect of graphene addition on nanofiber morphology, dielectric response, and pressure sensing performance. The robustness and reliability of the sensor were demonstrated through accelerated lifetime assessment experiments. Tests involving human physiological parameter monitoring further highlighted the applicability of the sensor in IoT-enabled healthcare, soft robotics, and prosthetic devices. The easy degradability of the sensing elements was also demonstrated, emphasizing their suitability for transient electronics applications.

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

All-natural phyllosilicate-polysaccharide triboelectric sensor for machine learning-assisted human motion prediction

Yuanhao Liu et al.

Summary: The rapid development of smart and carbon-neutral cities motivates the potential of natural materials for triboelectric electronics. A methodology for improving the triboelectricity of marine polysaccharide by incorporating charged phyllosilicate nanosheets is proposed. By using alginate fibers and vermiculite nanosheets, a flexible, flame-retardant, and eco-friendly triboelectric sensor is developed, which successfully monitors slight motion signals from various joints of human body. Moreover, an effective machine-learning model is developed for human motion identification and prediction with high accuracy.

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Piezoresistive 3D graphene-PDMS spongy pressure sensors for IoT enabled wearables and smart products

Debarun Sengupta et al.

Summary: This study presents an improved method for the development of repeatable, reliable, and linear 3D graphene-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) spongy sensors. These sensors have excellent performance and can be used for developing squeezable, flexible, and skin-mountable human motion sensors, as well as real-time haptic pressure monitoring and smart shaving applications.

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A Wearable Strain Sensor Based on Electroconductive Hydrogel Composites for Human Motion Detection

Stephanie A. Fraser et al.

Summary: This study reports a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based biocomposite hydrogel with good flexibility, toughness, and strain sensitivity. By incorporating conductive polypyrrole/bacterial nanocellulose composite material into the PVA-based hydrogel matrix, a hybrid hydrogel with excellent properties is prepared.

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Fully biodegradable water-soluble triboelectric nanogenerator for human physiological monitoring

Tao Wang et al.

Summary: A water-soluble TENG using recycled papers and water-soluble graphite electrode has been developed as a bandage sensor, with the ability to accurately monitor respiratory states through output voltage variations, making it suitable as a real-time physiological signal sensor.

NANO ENERGY (2022)

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Weaved piezoresistive triboelectric nanogenerator for human motion monitoring and gesture recognition

Lixia Yan et al.

Summary: This study presents a piezoresistive fiber-based triboelectric sensor with a hierarchical structure for sensitive detection of stress, strain, and the mass and position of touched objects. The sensor holds great potential in personal health monitoring and human-computer interaction.

NANO ENERGY (2022)

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Xue Yao et al.

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Flexible Wide-Range Triboelectric Sensor for Physiological Signal Monitoring and Human Motion Recognition

Ran Xu et al.

Summary: In this paper, a wide-range triboelectric pressure sensor based on a double-sandwich structure and the difference in Young's modulus of materials is proposed. The sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, wide range, and fast response time, making it suitable for various applications including physiological signal detection and plantar pressure sensing.

ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS (2022)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Skin-Inspired Flexible and Stretchable Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber Sensors for Neuromorphic Sensing

Debarun Sengupta et al.

Summary: In recent years, there has been a focus on developing skin-inspired sensors for real-time human motion monitoring and next-generation robotic devices. In this work, the authors propose a method using carbon nanofiber-polydimethylsiloxane composite-based piezoresistive sensors along with spiking neural networks to mimic skin-like sensing. It was demonstrated that these wearable and flexible sensors with accompanying neural networks will pave the way for advanced prosthetic devices, smart sensors, and human-machine interfaces.

ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Conductive Composite Fiber with Customizable Functionalities for Energy Harvesting and Electronic Textiles

Yujue Yang et al.

Summary: A new method was proposed to design a conductive composite fiber (CCF) with customizable functionalities for fiber-based TENG, achieving enhanced interfacial properties. The CCF-TENG demonstrated high open-circuit voltage and power density, and could be woven into 2D fabric TENG for motion detection as a wearable sensor. This work provides a promising approach for developing customizable functional composite fibers for smart wearables.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Skin-Inspired Hair-Epidermis-Dermis Hierarchical Structures for Electronic Skin Sensors with High Sensitivity over a Wide Linear Range

Huijun Kong et al.

Summary: The study introduces a hierarchical structure of electronic skin sensor based on hair-epidermis-dermis design, achieving high sensitivity and wide linear sensing range simultaneously. The sensor demonstrates a low detection limit, fast response time, excellent stability, and reproducibility, making it suitable for detecting airflow, monitoring human pulse, and sound-induced vibrations.

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Inkjet-Printed, Nanofiber-Based Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors for Tactile Sensing

Riikka Mikkonen et al.

Summary: The development of soft electronics is crucial for AI applications that involve direct human interaction. The low-cost method of fabricating polydimethylsiloxane based soft electronics by inkjet printing enables the creation of capacitive pressure sensors with improved sensitivity and long-term repeatability. This scalable solution offers high-sensitivity printed sensors for e-skin and human-machine interfaces.

IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL (2021)

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Superstretching MXene Composite Hydrogel as a Bidirectional Stress Response Thixotropic Sensor

Siqi Chen et al.

Summary: Development of a superstretching MXene composite hydrogel sensor capable of real-time detection of human motion signals, achieving high sensitivity and rapid resilience for discerning multidirectional human motions.

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All-Fabric Ultrathin Capacitive Sensor with High Pressure Sensitivity and Broad Detection Range for Electronic Skin

Pengtao Yu et al.

Summary: The AFCS, a highly sensitive and ultrathin capacitive pressure sensor based on a breathable all-fabric network with a micropatterned nanofiber dielectric layer, has exceptional performances in terms of sensitivity, detection limit, detection range, and robustness. The all-fabric structure also provides high skin conformability, super thinness, and exceptional air permeability, showing promising potential in applications such as breathing track, muscle activity detection, fingertip pressure monitoring, and spatial pressure distribution for comfortable skinlike epidermal electronics.

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Healable, Degradable, and Conductive MXene Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Multifunctional Epidermal Sensors

Xiaobin Li et al.

Summary: The proposed multifunctional epidermal sensor is based on highly stretchable, self-healing, degradable, and biocompatible nanocomposite hydrogel, which has a fast response time and sensitive detection capability for electrophysiological signals, as well as environmentally friendly degradation properties.

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The Triboelectric Nanogenerator as an Innovative Technology toward Intelligent Sports

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Summary: In the new era of the Internet-of-Things, the development of intelligent sports relies heavily on athletic big data collection and analysis using widely distributed sensing networks. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has shown great potential in overcoming limitations of conventional sensors with its mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing technology, fabricated using common materials like wood and paper. Progress on TENG-based sports sensing systems, including smart sports facilities and wearable equipment, as well as the remaining challenges and open opportunities in the field of intelligent sports, are summarized.

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Muscle Fatigue Sensor Based on Ti3C2Tx MXene Hydrogel

Kang Hyuck Lee et al.

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Summary: The novel power generation technology of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is gaining attention for its unlimited potential in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications. Bioinspired designs play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of TENGs by mimicking structures, surface morphologies, material properties and mechanisms from nature, leading to a wide range of explorations and applications in biomimetic applications.

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3D PRINTED GRAPHENE-COATED FLEXIBLE LATTICE AS PIEZORESISTIVE PRESSURE SENSOR

Amar M. Kamat et al.

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Electrospun bundled carbon nanofibers for skin-inspired tactile sensing, proprioception and gesture tracking applications

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Biocompatible MXene/Chitosan-Based Flexible Bimodal Devices for Real-Time Pulse and Respiratory Rate Monitoring

Lili Wang et al.

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