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A Review of Advanced Cooling Strategies for Battery Thermal Management Systems in Electric Vehicles

SYMMETRY-BASEL (2023)

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Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigations of liquid immersion cooling for 18650 lithium-ion battery pack under fast charging conditions

Yang Li et al.

Summary: This study proposes and tests a novel battery thermal management system (BTMS) based on FS49 for cooling cylindrical lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules during fast charging. It compares the temperature response of the battery modules during 2C and 3C rates charging with forced air cooling (FAC) and liquid immersion cooling (LIC). The results show that LIC has excellent heat dissipation performance, reducing the peak temperature of the module by 7.7 degrees C and 19.6 degrees C compared to FAC, while consuming only 14.41% and 40.37% of the cooling energy. LIC also minimizes temperature non-uniformity in the battery pack, with a peak temperature difference of only 1.1 degrees C and 1.2 degrees C compared to 17.7% and 11.6% under FAC. The study demonstrates the potential application of LIC in the field of LIB fast charging.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigation and comparative analysis of immersion cooling of lithium-ion batteries using mineral and therminol oil

G. Satyanarayana et al.

Summary: The study emphasizes the importance of thermal management strategies for the technological development and widespread acceptance of lithium-ion batteries. Comparisons of different cooling methods show that low-cost direct liquid contact cooling significantly reduces the temperature of the batteries, leading to higher energy and current density.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Review Energy & Fuels

Identification and Mitigation of Shortcomings in Direct and Indirect Liquid Cooling-Based Battery Thermal Management System

Anisha et al.

Summary: Electric vehicles (EVs) have become a viable solution to the global climate crisis, with rechargeable battery packs serving as the energy storage system. The battery thermal management system (BTMS) plays a crucial role in regulating the performance of these vehicles. This paper focuses on the efficiency of liquid cooling-based BTMS for actual drive cycles and discusses various techniques to optimize its performance.

ENERGIES (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Experimental Investigation on Single-Phase Immersion Cooling of a Lithium-Ion Pouch-Type Battery under Various Operating Conditions

Ali Celen

Summary: In this study, the performance of a LiFePO4 pouch-type battery using air and liquid (immersion cooling) techniques was investigated. The results showed that the liquid immersion technique can reduce the battery temperature by 28% at a discharge rate of 4C. Furthermore, 100% liquid immersion cooling can lower the maximum temperature difference to 4 degrees Celsius.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Degradation analysis of 18650 cylindrical cell battery pack with immersion liquid cooling system. Part 1: Aging assessment at pack level

D. Koster et al.

Summary: Temperature is crucial for battery pack design, and thermal management is essential to ensure performance, safety, and lifespan in the application. This study investigates the degradation of two identical 18650 battery packs with different cooling systems, air cooling and immersed cooling. By conducting cycling tests, the behavior of the packs under the same degradation conditions but different cell temperature distributions is quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. The results show that the immersed-cooled pack maintains a more homogeneous temperature distribution, resulting in a capacity retention increase of up to 3.3% after 600 cycles. However, the immersed-cooled pack experiences cell failures not observed in the air-cooled pack. An application-oriented analysis discusses the merits and drawbacks of implementing this solution, highlighting a potential reduction of up to 25% in pack specific energy when using the immersed-cooling system.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Heat transfer characteristics and influencing factors of immersion coupled direct cooling for battery thermal management

Zengpeng Wang et al.

Summary: This article proposes a new method of battery cooling, called ICDC (Immersion Coupled Direct Cooling), which immerses batteries in stationary fluid with direct-cooling tubes inserted in. The heat transfer characteristics and influencing factors of ICDC are explored numerically and experimentally. Results show that ICDC extends the optimal working duration by 150.3% and 45.7% compared to natural convection and immersion cooling, respectively, due to reduced battery temperature.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Experimental study of Li-ion battery thermal management based on the liquid-vapor phase change in direct contact with the cells

Majid Goodarzi et al.

Summary: One of the significant challenges in using lithium-ion batteries is their thermal management. Different thermal management systems were proposed to address this issue. This study experimentally examined the cooling of battery packs by using liquid-vapor phase change in direct contact with the cells. The impact of refrigerant height, ambient temperature, and pack compartment pressure on maximum temperature was assessed. The results showed that increasing refrigerant height and decreasing compartment pressure lowered the pack's maximum temperature, while increasing ambient temperature raised it. Additionally, it was found that the phase change of the refrigerant played a role in increasing the pack temperature close to the refrigerant boiling point.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2023)

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Article Thermodynamics

A parametric study of a hybrid battery thermal management system that couples PCM with wavy microchannel cold plate

Yonghao Wang et al.

Summary: In this paper, an innovative system called hybrid wavy microchannel cold plate (HWMCP) using PCM and wavy microchannel cold plate (WMCP) is designed and analyzed. The heat storage capacity of HWMCP increases with the increase of PCM thickness and height ratio h1/h2. The cooling capacity of HWMCP is slightly improved when the liquid microchannels grow in number. Compared with unidirectional flow, cross flow significantly reduces the maximum temperature of the battery and improves the utilization rate of PCM.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Review Thermodynamics

An up-to-date review on the design improvement and optimization of the liquid-cooling battery thermal management system for electric vehicles

Gang Zhao et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the effectiveness and efficiency of the liquid-cooling battery thermal management system (BTMS) for electric vehicles. It highlights the recent research on design improvements and optimization for the liquid-cooling BTMSs, emphasizing the most effective approaches to better cooling performance. The paper also discusses the current gaps and future directions in the research of liquid-cooling BTMS designs for the EV industry.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Article Thermodynamics

Novel concept design of low energy hybrid battery thermal management system using PCM and multistage Tesla valve liquid cooling

Yiwei Fan et al.

Summary: To challenge the performance of high energy density lithium-ion batteries at different temperatures, a battery thermal management system combining multi-stage tesla valve liquid cooling and phase change material is proposed. Experimental verification and numerical studies are conducted to optimize the system's performance. The results show that the use of phase change material significantly improves the cooling performance and reduces energy consumption compared to conventional systems. The system also effectively maintains battery warmth during cold stops, reducing the energy required for battery heating after short-term parking.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Article Thermodynamics

Experimental study on immersion phase change cooling of lithium-ion batteries based on R1233ZD(E)/ethanol mixed refrigerant

Yan-Feng Wang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the immersion phase change cooling characteristics of R1233ZD(E)/Ethanol mixed refrigerant in a staggered battery module to improve heat dissipation and temperature uniformity for electric vehicle lithium-ion battery. The analysis considered different discharge rates, filling volume fractions, and inlet volume flow rates. Results show that the heat generation of the battery is influenced by the operating current and decreases with the decrease of the output power. Mixing R1233ZD(E) into ethanol effectively enhances wall boiling heat transfer and improves battery module temperature uniformity. However, high volume fractions of R1233ZD(E) result in departure from nucleate boiling regime, affecting heat transfer and temperature quantities.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Preparation and Characterization of n-Octadecane@SiO2/GO and n-Octadecane@SiO2/Ag Nanoencapsulated Phase Change Material for Immersion Cooling of Li-Ion Battery

Jianhao Gu et al.

Summary: Nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NePCMs) with a paraffin core and silica shell were synthesized using sol-gel method. The samples were characterized and then used as coolants in the immersion cooling of a simulative battery. The doped sample with Ag on the shell at a core-to-shell ratio of 1:1 exhibited the best performance, with increased thermal conductivity and reduced supercooling degree. The average temperature of the battery cooled with nanocapsule slurries decreased significantly compared to pure insulation oil as the coolant. These nanocapsules have great potential in battery immersion cooling.

ENERGIES (2023)

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Article Thermodynamics

A compact and lightweight hybrid liquid cooling system coupling with Z-type cold plates and PCM composite for battery thermal management

Huizhu Yang et al.

Summary: In this study, a hybrid liquid cold plate design with Z-type parallel cooling channel and PCM/aluminum foam composite, along with a delayed cooling strategy, is proposed for battery thermal management systems. Nine different cold plate designs, including one baseline cold plate without PCM composite and eight hybrid cold plates with PCM composite, are systematically analyzed to demonstrate the superior cooling performance of the proposed design. The results show that the optimum hybrid cold plate design can achieve a significant reduction in the total pumping power while maintaining the same cooling performance compared to the baseline cold plate at different battery discharge rates.

ENERGY (2023)

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Article Thermodynamics

Hybrid single-phase immersion cooling structure for battery thermal management under fast-charging conditions

Hongseok Choi et al.

Summary: In this study, a hybrid immersion cooling structure is proposed and investigated for high-energy-density battery thermal management. The performance of the design is evaluated by varying key parameters, and a structure with one pass partition and graphite fins is found to have the best performance in terms of weight and temperature uniformity.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Algorithm-driven optimization of lithium-ion battery thermal modeling

Zeyu Sun et al.

Summary: This study provides a high-precision and low-computational cost approach for heat generation calculation of lithium-ion batteries, which contributes to the development of battery thermal management systems.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Experimental studies of reciprocating liquid immersion cooling for 18650 lithium-ion battery under fast charging conditions

Yang Li et al.

Summary: The reciprocating liquid immersion cooling method is proposed and tested for cooling cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during fast charging. Experimental results demonstrate that the reciprocating liquid immersion cooling outperforms natural convection, as it not only precisely controls the cell temperature during fast charging but also improves temperature uniformity. Additionally, the reciprocating system enables rapid cooling of the battery during resting, achieving asymmetric control of high-temperature charging and room temperature discharging. The study also explores the effects of different charging rates and protocols, as well as observes the liquid-gas phase transition phenomenon using high-speed photography.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2023)

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Article Thermodynamics

Effect analysis on integration efficiency and safety performance of a battery thermal management system based on direct contact liquid cooling

Shangquan Wu et al.

Summary: This study has successfully developed an oil-immersed battery system with high integration ratio and excellent safety, providing a feasible solution for the demand of high safety and high specific energy of electric vehicle battery systems.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Feasibility study of a novel oil-immersed battery cooling system: Experiments and theoretical analysis

Jiahao Liu et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the feasibility of using transformer oil to develop an oil-immersed battery thermal management system. Through model-scale experiments and theoretical analysis, it is found that stationary transformer oil can effectively cool the battery and reduce temperature inhomogeneity. Increasing oil flow rate can improve the cooling performance, but excessive flow rate will increase power consumption.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Review Thermodynamics

A review on thermal management of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles

Xinghui Zhang et al.

Summary: Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries have great potential in alleviating energy and environmental issues, but temperature management is crucial for their development and propagation. Both high and low temperature environments can negatively impact battery performance and safety, requiring proper handling.

ENERGY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Recent progress in lithium-ion battery thermal management for a wide range of temperature and abuse conditions

Z. Y. Jiang et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the latest research progress on thermal management of lithium-ion batteries under high temperature, sub-zero temperature, and abuse conditions. It discusses the heat generation mechanisms, different cooling methods, battery heating methods, and improvements in battery safety under abuse conditions.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Thermal performance of a liquid-immersed battery thermal management system for lithium-ion pouch batteries

Haitao Wang et al.

Summary: A novel liquid-immersed battery thermal management system (BTMS) was designed to address the issues of high temperature rise and large temperature difference in lithium-ion pouch batteries. Experimental results showed that proper immersion depth and flow rate could greatly improve the thermal management performance, effectively reducing the temperature and temperature difference of the batteries.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2022)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Connecting battery technologies for electric vehicles from battery materials to management

Gang Zhao et al.

Summary: This paper comprehensively discusses both conventional and state-of-the-art electric vehicle battery technologies, covering materials, processes, characteristics, and management. The focus of the research lies in battery technologies, commercial applications, and lifecycle management, with predictions on the development trend of EV battery technologies.

ISCIENCE (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Parametric Investigation on the Performance of a Battery Thermal Management System with Immersion Cooling

Yuxin Zhou et al.

Summary: In this paper, a battery thermal management system with immersion cooling was designed by immersing lithium-ion cells in a non-conductive coolant. It was found that immersion cooling can reduce the maximum temperature of the cell but increase the maximum temperature difference. The effects of coolant flow rate, viscosity, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity on cooling performance were further investigated.

ENERGIES (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Validation of a data-driven fast numerical model to simulate the immersion cooling of a lithium-ion battery pack

Elie Solai et al.

Summary: This study presents a data-driven numerical method for evaluating the immersion cooling behavior of Lithium-ion battery packs. Experimental validation and model calibration are performed, and the learned distributions and numerical model are used to design a system for realistic racing car operation, with further sensitivity analysis.

ENERGY (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

A direct optimization strategy based on field synergy equation for efficient design of battery thermal management system

Junsheng Hou et al.

Summary: This study proposes a direct optimization strategy based on field synergy equation for the design of air-cooled battery thermal management system (BTMS). The optimized system design improves thermal stability and uniformity by optimizing flow rate distribution and structural parameters. The results show that the optimization strategy significantly reduces temperature difference and improves cooling performance, which is of great importance for enhancing the performance and safety of battery packs.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Numerical analysis of single-phase liquid immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management using different dielectric fluids

K. Jithin et al.

Summary: Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles, and direct liquid cooling with dielectric fluids can effectively cool the batteries while consuming less power. Different dielectric fluids exhibit varying cooling performance and power consumption characteristics.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Immersion cooling for lithium-ion batteries - A review

Charlotte Roe et al.

Summary: Battery thermal management systems are critical for high-performance electric vehicles. Immersion cooling can significantly increase heat transfer rate, but system complexity and fluid stability should be considered.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Research on Carbon Emissions of Road Traffic in Chengdu City Based on a LEAP Model

Junjie Wang et al.

Summary: With the increase in the number of vehicles, the proportion of carbon emissions from road traffic in cities has significantly risen, creating pressure for overall carbon emission reductions in cities. The implementation of low-carbon transportation is therefore crucial. This study uses the LEAP model to construct a road traffic development scenario in Chengdu from 2020 to 2025, focusing on common greenhouse gases emitted by motor vehicles. Results show significant improvement in carbon emissions under the low-carbon scenario, and the carbon emissions from road traffic in Chengdu are projected to peak before 2030 under the strengthened low-carbon scenario.

SUSTAINABILITY (2022)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

A Lightweight Multichannel Direct Contact Liquid-Cooling System and Its Optimization for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zhechen Guo et al.

Summary: This study designs and optimizes a direct contact liquid-cooling system for the thermal management of lithium-ion battery modules. Through single-factor analysis and gray relational analysis, key variables affecting the system are identified. By establishing surrogate models and multiobjective optimization functions, the goals of high cooling efficiency and lightweight are achieved.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Numerical study on the air-cooled thermal management of Lithium-ion battery pack for electrical vehicles

Patcharin Saechan et al.

Summary: Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in Electric Vehicles, and efficient thermal management is crucial for maintaining their performance. This study focuses on numerical investigation of an air cooling system, optimizing parameters to enhance cooling performance and ensure temperature stability in the battery pack.

ENERGY REPORTS (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Adaptive secondary loop liquid cooling with refrigerant cabin active thermal management system for electric vehicle

Srinivas Singirikonda et al.

Summary: A thermal management system is essential for electric vehicles to operate efficiently under different environmental conditions. This paper proposes a new battery thermal management system that controls the temperature of the battery and cabin, and effectively regulates temperature variations.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Experimental studies of liquid immersion cooling for 18650 lithium-ion battery under different discharging conditions

Yang Li et al.

Summary: This study examines and discusses the use of fluorinated liquid immersion cooling as a new cooling scheme for the 18650 lithium-ion battery. The results demonstrate that immersion cooling is more effective than forced air cooling in cooling the battery under various conditions, with temperature control within a lower range.

CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Novel design optimization for passive cooling PCM assisted battery thermal management system in electric vehicles

Rekabra Youssef et al.

Summary: This study proposes a novel design optimization by combining jute fibers and PCM to improve the environmental performance and reduce the weight of battery thermal management system. The results suggest that the use of PCM with jute cooling strategy significantly reduces the maximum temperature of the battery.

CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Experimental Study of a Direct Immersion Liquid Cooling of a Li-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles Applications

Luca Giammichele et al.

Summary: The aim of this study is to test a battery thermal management system by immersing a commercial 18650 LiFePO4 cell in a low boiling point liquid. The results demonstrate the feasibility of a thermal management system based on immersing the battery in a liquid, showing a significant decrease in battery temperature when immersed.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A model-scale experimental and theoretical study on a mineral oil-immersed battery cooling system

Jiahao Liu et al.

Summary: This work experimentally and theoretically confirms the effectiveness of an oil-immersed battery cooling system. The experiments show that increasing the mineral oil flow rate can reduce the battery temperature, but this effect is limited. The theoretical analysis also reveals that the battery cycle rate and fluid Reynolds number have an impact on the heat transfer mechanism.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Numerical investigation on manifold immersion cooling scheme for lithium ion battery thermal management application

Qin Le et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Dielectric Fluid Immersion Cooling with Fin Structures for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Jeong-Woo Han et al.

Symmetry-Basel (2022)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

A review on recent key technologies of lithium-ion battery thermal management: External cooling systems

Marwa Mahmoud Hamed et al.

Summary: Lithium-ion batteries are widely used for energy storage due to their high energy density, efficiency, capacity, and long-life cycle. However, abnormal temperature increment in the batteries can lead to performance degradation and safety issues. Therefore, an appropriate battery thermal management system is required to reduce the maximum temperature of the battery. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent research on external thermal management strategies for lithium-ion batteries, aiming to enhance understanding of key technologies and provide practical guidelines for their application.

RESULTS IN ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

A novel direct liquid cooling strategy for electric vehicles focused on pouch type battery cells

M. Larranaga-Ezeiza et al.

Summary: A novel direct liquid cooling strategy is proposed for large-scale lithium-ion pouch type cells to control the working temperature within the optimum range. The strategy directly cools the battery cell surface instead of immersing the battery system in cooling fluid, providing higher performance for thermal management without increasing power consumption.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Experimental Study on Dielectric Fluid Immersion Cooling for Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery

Jeong-Woo Han et al.

Summary: The rapidly growing commercialization of electric vehicles has led to a demand for higher capacity lithium-ion batteries with higher heat generation. This study focuses on the thermal management of batteries using direct liquid cooling, as the currently widely used indirect liquid cooling methods have disadvantages. The experimental investigation examines the discharge and heat transfer characteristics of lithium-ion batteries with direct liquid cooling under various conditions. The results show the impact of discharge rates, inlet temperatures, and volume flow rates of coolant on discharge voltage and capacity, maximum temperature, temperature difference, average temperature, heat absorbed, and heat transfer coefficient.

SYMMETRY-BASEL (2022)

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Proceedings Paper Thermodynamics

Immersion Cooling of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Niall P. Williams et al.

Summary: This study experimentally investigates the performance of a 26650 cylindrical lithium-ion cell completely immersed in a dielectric fluid under both single and two-phase cooling. High-speed photography is employed to further study the boiling process at the cell's surface during operation.

2022 28TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON THERMAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ICS AND SYSTEMS (THERMINIC 2022) (2022)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Parametric Optimisation of a Direct Liquid Cooling-Based Prototype for Electric Vehicles Focused on Pouch-Type Battery Cells

Manex Larranaga-Ezeiza et al.

Summary: In this study, a numerical optimization process was applied to an innovative direct liquid cooling strategy for lithium-ion-based HEV/EV. The thermal-fluid numerical model of the battery cell was validated and different flow patterns were compared. A multi-objective optimization process was implemented to find the optimal relationship between thermal performance, energy density, and power consumption. The results showed an improvement in energy density and reduced power consumption while maintaining the cell temperature within the optimal range.

WORLD ELECTRIC VEHICLE JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Numerical Simulations for Indirect and Direct Cooling of 54 V LiFePO4 Battery Pack

Yulong Li et al.

Summary: This study used three-dimensional thermal simulations to investigate the cooling effects of different methods on a lithium-ion battery pack. It found that single-phase direct cooling with fluorinated liquid can effectively control the temperature and temperature uniformity of the battery pack. The study also proposed two-phase immersion cooling as a promising new cooling method.

ENERGIES (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Numerical investigation on optimal design of battery cooling plate for uneven heat generation conditions in electric vehicles

Yuqi Huang et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the impact of structural optimization of the cooling plate on the temperature distribution uniformity of the battery pack in the liquid-cooled system of electrical vehicle. Numerical analysis and experimental validation are conducted to propose and analyze three structural design schemes. The results demonstrate that the temperature distribution uniformity of the battery pack can be effectively improved after the structural optimization of the cooling plate. This optimization method can serve as a reference for the structural design of the cooling plate.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Analysing the performance of liquid cooling designs in cylindrical lithium-ion batteries

Matthew Yates et al.

Summary: The study investigates the effects of two liquid cooling designs on the performance of lithium-ion battery packs. Results show that the MCC design outperforms the CCHS design in terms of maximum temperature and temperature uniformity.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Direct Comparison of Immersion and Cold-Plate Based Cooling for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Modules

Prahit Dubey et al.

Summary: The study evaluates the thermal performance of immersion cooling for an EV battery module and compares it with cold-plate cooling. Immersion cooling leads to lower cell temperature and temperature gradients at high discharge rates, but higher temperature non-uniformity. At low discharge rates, both cooling methods show similar performance.

ENERGIES (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

A novel dielectric fluid immersion cooling technology for Li-ion battery thermal management

Mahesh Suresh Patil et al.

Summary: This study investigated the direct cooling performance of Li-ion batteries and battery packs for electric vehicles using dielectric fluid immersion cooling technology. Experimental results showed improved cooling performance with a 46.8% reduction in temperature using flowing dielectric fluid assisted with tab cooling. The development of an electrochemical-thermal model and its validation through numerical study and experimental data demonstrated the effectiveness of this cooling technology.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A review on hybrid thermal management of battery packs and it's cooling performance by enhanced PCM

G. Murali et al.

Summary: Power batteries in electric vehicles release a significant amount of heat during charging and discharging, necessitating the use of a Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) to regulate temperature rise and distribution for improved battery lifespan, efficiency, and safety. Among various BTMS options, Phase Change Material (PCM) stands out for its appealing features such as low parasitic power, low weight, and uniform temperature distribution. The study introduces a Hybrid Thermal Management System with PCM for enhanced cooling, and summarizes techniques to enhance thermal conductivity of PCM. Additionally, it reviews research on key parameters affecting system performance and proposes conclusions based on previous studies on PCM cooling.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Developments in battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles: A technical review

Pranjali R. Tete et al.

Summary: In the era of sustainable energy revolution, battery storage has emerged as a crucial field, especially in the context of electric vehicles. Efficient energy storage and retrieval in batteries, along with the operating temperature of electric vehicle batteries, are vital for performance optimization. Various cooling systems, such as air, liquid, phase change material, heat pipe, and refrigeration methods, have been discussed in depth in recent experimental and numerical analyses of battery thermal management systems (BTMS).

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

An improved mini-channel based liquid cooling strategy of prismatic LiFePO4 batteries for electric or hybrid vehicles

K. Monika et al.

Summary: This study proposes an ingeniously designed rectangular mini-channel cold plate for thermal management of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries in automotive applications. The cold plate, with 5 mini channels of width 4 mm and parallel flow design, is shown to be the ideal trade-off between heat transfer and pressure drop for better thermal management across the battery module.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Thermal performance of honeycomb-like battery thermal management system with bionic liquid mini-channel and phase change materials for cylindrical lithium-ion battery

Wen Yang et al.

Summary: A novel honeycomb-like battery thermal management system with bionic liquid mini-channel and phase change materials is proposed to enhance the working performance of lithium-ion batteries. Computational fluid dynamics and a second-order equivalent circuit model are utilized to numerically investigate the thermal performance of the battery module. The use of a hexagonal cooling plate design, along with back propagation neural networks to estimate appropriate inlet flow rates, helps stabilize the battery module's temperature within desired limits.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Design of battery thermal management system based on phase change material and heat pipe

Kai Chen et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the performance of battery thermal management system with PCM and HP, finding that PCM can effectively reduce the temperature difference in the battery pack. Numerical methods show that increasing environmental convective heat transfer coefficient and PCM thickness can lower the maximum temperature in the battery pack while raising the temperature difference.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Numerical investigation of the direct liquid cooling of a fast-charging lithium-ion battery pack in hydrofluoroether

Xiaojun Tan et al.

Summary: This paper proposes a novel direct liquid battery cooling system for fast-charging battery packs based on a hydrofluoroether coolant. Through high-fidelity CFD simulations, it is found that optimizing channel design and coolant velocity can improve energy density and reduce power consumption, while a multilayer structure and cross-flowing configuration can reduce temperature difference and standard deviation.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Thermal management of a simulated battery with the compound use of phase change material and fins: Experimental and numerical investigations

Zhiqiang Sun et al.

Summary: A novel PCM-Fin thermal management system is proposed to significantly prolong the working time of batteries and enhance thermal performance. Experimental and numerical results demonstrate the importance of the proposed heat transfer enhancement structures in improving the thermal control performance of PCM systems.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Design optimization of forced air-cooled lithium-ion battery module based on multi-vents

Furen Zhang et al.

Summary: In this study, a multi-vent-based battery module for 18,650 lithium-ion batteries was optimized using computational fluid dynamics, demonstrating improved cooling performance compared to previous single-vent designs. The effects of vent number, size, and position, as well as battery cell spacing variations, were explored to achieve a superior thermal management strategy for forced air-cooling systems.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Experimental and numerical study of a passive thermal management system using flat heat pipes for lithium-ion batteries

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APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2020)

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Construction of effective symmetrical air-cooled system for battery thermal management

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Thermal performance predictions for an HFE-7000 direct flow boiling cooled battery thermal management system for electric vehicles

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS (2020)

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Thermal management of lithium-ion battery cells using 3D printed phase change composites

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Thermal performance of direct two-phase refrigerant cooling for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles

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Intelligent optimization methodology of battery pack for electric vehicles: A multidisciplinary perspective

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Simulation study of lithium-ion battery thermal management system based on a variable flow velocity method with liquid metal

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Experimental investigation of battery thermal management and safety with heat pipe and immersion phase change liquid

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Surrogate based multi-objective design optimization of lithium-ion battery air-cooled system in electric vehicles

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Performance of beeswax phase change material (PCM) and heat pipe as passive battery cooling system for electric vehicles

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Thermal Management of Li-Ion Batteries With Single-Phase Liquid Immersion Cooling

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Thermal Management of Lithium Ion Cells at High Discharge Rate using Submerged-Cell Cooling

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Analysis of Influencing Factors of Thermal Management System for LiFePO4 Lithium Battery under High Power Charging

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A critical review of battery thermal performance and liquid based battery thermal management

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Structural optimization of lithium-ion battery for improving thermal performance based on a liquid cooling system

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Lithium-ion battery thermal management using heat pipe and phase change material during discharge-charge cycle: A comprehensive numerical study

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Preventing heat propagation and thermal runaway in electric vehicle battery modules using integrated PCM and micro-channel plate cooling system

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Experimental investigation on a novel liquid-cooling strategy by coupling with graphene-modified silica gel for the thermal management of cylindrical battery

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Co-estimation of capacity and state-of-charge for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles

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A comprehensive analysis and optimization process for an integrated liquid cooling plate for a prismatic lithium-ion battery module

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Experimental study on the thermal management performance of air cooling for high energy density cylindrical lithium-ion batteries

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Thermophysical properties of trimethylolethane (TME) hydrate as phase change material for cooling lithium-ion battery in electric vehicle

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Numerical study on a water cooling system for prismatic LiFePO4 batteries at abused operating conditions

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Thermal performance of lithium ion battery pack by using cold plate

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Experimental investigation of thermal performance of large-sized battery module using hybrid PCM and bottom liquid cooling configuration

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Impact of porous Mn3O4 nanostructures on the performance of rechargeable lithium ion battery: Excellent capacity and cyclability

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Design a J-type air-based battery thermal management system through surrogate-based optimization

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The thermal performance of a novel internal cooling method for the electric vehicle battery: An experimental study

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Thermal management of cylindrical lithium-ion battery based on a liquid cooling method with half-helical duct

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Three-dimensional thermal modeling of Li-ion battery cell and 50 V Li-ion battery pack cooled by mini-channel cold plate

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Cooling performance of nanofluid submerged vs. nanofluid circulated battery thermal management systems

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Effects of different phase change material thermal management strategies on the cooling performance of the power lithium ion batteries: A review

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Active cooling based battery thermal management using composite phase change materials

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Effects of different coolants and cooling strategies on the cooling performance of the power lithium ion battery system: A review

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Experimental investigation of the thermal performance of heat pipe assisted phase change material for battery thermal management system

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Reverse layered air flow for Li-ion battery thermal management

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Experimental investigation on mini-channel cooling-based thermal management for Li-ion battery module under different cooling schemes

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Experimental and numerical studies on air cooling and temperature uniformity in a battery pack

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Electric vehicles batteries thermal management systems employing phase change materials

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Experimental investigation and simulation of temperature distributions in a 16Ah-LiMnNiCoO2 battery during rapid discharge rates

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Transient thermal analysis of a lithium-ion battery pack comparing different cooling solutions for automotive applications

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Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals

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Heat generation in lithium-ion batteries with different nominal capacities and chemistries

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Prevent thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries with minichannel cooling

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A method for the fast estimation of a battery entropy-variation high-resolution curve - Application on a commercial LiFePO4/graphite cell

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Determination of the entropy change profile of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery by heat flux measurements

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Local Heat Generation in a Single Stack Lithium Ion Battery Cell

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Scenarios For The Return Of Lithium-Ion Batteries Out Of Electric Cars For Recycling

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Self-discharge characteristics and performance degradation of Ni-MH batteries for storage applications

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Coupled thermal-electrochemical modelling of uneven heat generation in lithium-ion battery packs

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Entropy change effects on the thermal behavior of a LiFePO4/graphite lithium-ion cell at different states of charge

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