4.7 Review

Nanotechnology-based ocular drug delivery systems: recent advances and future prospects

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Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases

Adaeze Linda Onugwu et al.

Summary: Diseases affecting the anterior segment of the eye are a major cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Drug delivery to the eye through the topical ocular route is challenging due to structural and physiological constraints. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been investigated as effective alternatives to conventional ocular delivery systems for treating anterior segment diseases. This review discusses different nanotechnology-based delivery systems and their prospects in clinical use.

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Tien-En Tan et al.

Summary: Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes with significant global health impact. Advances in diagnostics, technology and treatment have revolutionized its management, and more exciting developments are expected by 2030.

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Research progress of exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular diseases

Xinting Feng et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the genesis mechanism, biological functions, research and application progress of exosomes, with a focus on the engineering strategy of exosomes and the advantages and disadvantages of common engineering exosome preparation methods. It systematically explores the role of exosomes in corneal diseases, glaucoma, and retinal diseases, providing a reference for understanding the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular diseases. Furthermore, it summarizes the opportunities and challenges of exosomes for precision medicine. The extension of exosome research to ophthalmology can advance current diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Tiny exosomes have huge potential.

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Review Ophthalmology

RNA-targeting strategies as a platform for ocular gene therapy

Satheesh Kumar et al.

Summary: Genetic medicine provides hope for previously untreatable diseases, and the eye is at the forefront of these advances. Luxturna(R) is an example of a gene therapy that gained US FDA approval for the treatment of inherited blindness, and other gene therapy clinical trials for eye diseases are ongoing. RNA-targeting systems, such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and RNA interference (RNAi), as well as CRISPR-Cas systems, are emerging as promising strategies for developing therapeutics.

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Characterization and Evaluation of Rapamycin-Loaded Nano-Micelle Ophthalmic Solution

Ting Zhang et al.

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ocular Drug Delivery: a Comprehensive Review

Sadek Ahmed et al.

Summary: The human eye has complex anatomy and physiology that pose challenges for drug delivery to targeted ophthalmic sites. Overcoming ocular barriers and finding effective routes of administration and dosage forms are important for successful drug delivery. Nanotechnology-based carriers have gained attention due to their ability to entrap drugs, improve ocular permeability, and enhance bioavailability. Different characterization methods help predict the performance of these nanocarriers. This review provides insights into eye anatomy, ocular diseases, obstacles to drug delivery, advantages and drawbacks of different routes of administration and dosage forms, and advancements in ocular delivery.

AAPS PHARMSCITECH (2023)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Polymer- and lipid-based nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: Current status and future perspectives

Haijie Han et al.

Summary: Ocular diseases have a significant impact on patients' vision and quality of life, with a global prevalence of over 43 million blindness. However, delivering drugs effectively to the eyes, especially for intraocular disorders, remains a major challenge due to various ocular barriers. Recent advancements in nanocarrier technology provide a promising solution by improving drug penetration, retention, solubility, toxicity reduction, release duration, and targeted drug delivery. This review highlights the progress and applications of nanocarriers, specifically polymer- and lipid-based nanocarriers, in treating different eye diseases and their potential for efficient ocular drug delivery. It also discusses ocular barriers, administration routes, and future prospects and challenges in the field of nanocarriers for ocular disease treatment.

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Nanotechnology Lighting the Way for Gene Therapy in Ophthalmopathy: From Opportunities toward Applications

Weiming Ren et al.

Summary: Hereditary ophthalmopathy is a common disease that poses a threat to human visual health, affecting millions of people. Gene therapy has gained attention as a potential treatment for ophthalmopathy, with advancements in understanding pathogenic genes. Efficient delivery and modification of nucleic acid drugs (NADs) are crucial for gene therapy. NADs have the potential to specifically alter gene expression or restore the function of mutated genes. Nanodelivery carriers improve targeting, while nanomodification enhances the stability of NADs, making them promising for the treatment of ophthalmopathy.

MOLECULES (2023)

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An electrospun scaffold functionalized with a ROS-scavenging hydrogel stimulates ocular wound healing

Xin Shi et al.

Summary: Ocular alkali burn is a serious emergency characterized by persistent inflammation and irreversible vision loss. A double network biomaterial, composed of electrospun nanofibres of thioketal-containing polyurethane (PUTK) and a ROS-scavenging hydrogel (RH), was prepared and transplanted onto a rat corneal alkali burn model. The composite patch showed strong antioxidant activity and accelerated corneal wound healing by inhibiting inflammation, promoting epithelial regeneration, and decreasing scar formation.

ACTA BIOMATERIALIA (2023)

Article Engineering, Biomedical

A miRNA-based gene therapy nanodrug synergistically enhances pro-inflammatory antitumor immunity against melanoma

Yawen Ma et al.

Summary: MicroRNA-based gene therapy using biocompatible nanocarriers shows promise in treating ocular melanoma by up-regulating tumor suppressor miR-30a-5p and inhibiting malignant phenotypes. The nanocarrier with high miRNA loading and redox-responsive release capabilities enhances the therapeutic effect. Furthermore, it promotes M1 macrophage polarization and activates Fenton reaction, synergistically enhancing anti-tumor immunity. The study demonstrates the potential of this nanocarrier for targeted gene therapy in melanoma and other cancers.

ACTA BIOMATERIALIA (2023)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Formulation and Characterization of Epalrestat-Loaded Polysorbate 60 Cationic Niosomes for Ocular Delivery

Axel Kattar et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to develop cationic niosomes for the ocular delivery of epalrestat, a drug used in the treatment of diabetic eye damage. The niosomes were characterized and found to have a size of 80 nm, a charge ranging from -23 to +40 mV, and a spherical shape. The encapsulation efficiency of the niosomes was 99.76% and they showed a sustained release of the drug over 20 days. The niosomes were non-irritating, non-toxic, and showed higher permeation in the sclera compared to the unencapsulated drug.

PHARMACEUTICS (2023)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Formulation and Characterization of Electrospun Nanofibers for Melatonin Ocular Delivery

Alessia Romeo et al.

Summary: This study explored the potential of nanofiber-based inserts as an alternative to liquid formulations for ocular administration of melatonin (MEL). Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) nanofiber inserts were prepared using the electrospinning technique. Different release behaviors were observed depending on the nature of the polymer, with PVA-based samples showing fast and complete release, while PLA providing slow and controlled release.

PHARMACEUTICS (2023)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Peptide Nanofiber System for Sustained Delivery of Anti-VEGF Proteins to the Eye Vitreous

Seher Yaylaci et al.

Summary: In this study, self-assembled hydrogels composed of peptide amphiphile molecules were developed for sustained release of ranibizumab in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. The hydrogel system showed extended release patterns of ranibizumab without dose dumping, and the released drug was biologically functional and effective in blocking angiogenesis. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the drug released from the hydrogel nanofiber system had longer retention time in the posterior chamber of the rabbit eye compared to a control group. The peptide-based hydrogel nanofiber delivery system holds promise for intravitreal anti-VEGF drug delivery in clinics.

PHARMACEUTICS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Injectable Anti-Inflammatory Supramolecular Nanofiber Hydrogel to Promote Anti-VEGF Therapy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment

Huiqin Gao et al.

Summary: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of visual impairment and severe vision loss worldwide. Current treatments are often unsatisfactory. A new study has developed an injectable antibody-loaded nanofiber hydrogel that can release anti-VEGF to inhibit vascular proliferation and reduce local inflammation, significantly prolonging the effective treatment time of conventional anti-VEGF therapy.

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Non-viral gene therapy using RNA interference with PDGFR-α mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transformation for proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Jiahao Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, polyethylene glycol grafted branched Polyethyleneimine (PEI -g-PEG) was used as a non-viral gene vector to achieve anti-fibroblastic effects in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) through interfering with platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor (PDGFR-a). The gene complexes were successfully prepared and showed excellent biocompatibility and efficient cellular uptake. In vivo experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of this method in inhibiting the progression of fibroproliferative membranes of PVR. This study provides a feasible and promising clinical idea for developing non-viral gene vectors and preventing fibroblastic eye diseases through RNA interference technology.

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The anticancer potential of the dietary polyphenol rutin: Current status, challenges, and perspectives

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Antiangiogenic Nanomicelles for the Topical Delivery of Aflibercept to Treat Retinal Neovascular Disease

Xinxin Zhao et al.

Summary: This study introduces a novel nanomicelle drug delivery system that can deliver anti-VEGF drugs to the posterior segment of the retina through corneal-scleral routes, showing significant therapeutic effects. Additionally, the delivery system demonstrates biocompatibility and intrinsic antiangiogenic properties, suggesting promising potential for the treatment of retinal diseases.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Applied

γ-Cyclodextrin-based polypseudorotaxane hydrogels for ophthalmic delivery of flurbiprofen to treat anterior uveitis

Guihua Fang et al.

Summary: This study developed polypseudorotaxane hydrogels for the treatment of anterior uveitis, which showed promising results in terms of sustained release and enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

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Engineered virus-like particles for efficient in vivo delivery of therapeutic proteins

Samagya Banskota et al.

Summary: We have developed and applied engineered DNA-free virus-like particles (eVLPs) for efficient delivery of gene editing tools, achieving high levels of base editing. By overcoming the limitations of cargo packaging, release, and localization, the fourth-generation eVLPs demonstrated efficient base editing in mouse and human cells. In addition, the off-target effects of eVLPs were significantly reduced compared to other delivery methods such as AAV or plasmid.
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A Rapid Corneal Healing Microneedle for Efficient Ocular Drug Delivery

Hui Shi et al.

Summary: This study presents a minimally invasive delivery system for treating fungal keratitis using a dissolving microneedle patch based on Poly(D,L-lactide) and hyaluronic acid. The microneedle patch shows excellent properties and can penetrate the cornea with no ocular irritation. In a rabbit model, the microneedle patch medication exhibits superior therapeutic effects compared to eye drops and is comparable to intrastromal injection, offering a cost-effective treatment solution.
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Self-Plugging Microneedle (SPM) for Intravitreal Drug Delivery

KangJu Lee et al.

Summary: Intravitreal injection is a common technology used for treating ophthalmic diseases, but it may have side effects. Researchers have developed a self-plugging microneedle that can deliver drugs and seal the scleral puncture simultaneously, reducing the occurrence of side effects.

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Gene Therapy in the Anterior Eye Segment

Cynthia Amador et al.

Summary: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advances in gene therapy for the anterior segment of the eye, including gene delivery systems, gene editing techniques, and epigenetic treatments. The review also analyzes various anterior segment diseases that have been treated with gene therapy, both in vitro and in animal models. Gene therapy approaches are considered promising for the treatment of ocular diseases.

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Ocular Nanomedicine

Zhimin Tang et al.

Summary: The limitations of conventional therapeutic strategies in ophthalmology have led to the development of versatile alternatives based on nanosystems. This review comprehensively examines the recent progress in nanomaterials in ophthalmology and highlights their role in addressing the challenges of ocular treatments.

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miR-204-containing exosomes ameliorate GVHD-associated dry eye disease

Tian Zhou et al.

Summary: Exosomes from mesenchymal stromal cells administered as eye drops alleviate graft-versus-host disease-associated dry eye disease by suppressing inflammation and improving epithelial recovery. The study highlights the potential of miR-204 as a therapeutic agent.

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The power and the promise of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for clinical application with gene therapy

Ning Guo et al.

Summary: CRISPR/Cas9, derived from the microbial innate immune system, is a powerful gene editing tool that has been widely applied in treating various genetic and non-genetic diseases, including cancer. With its high specificity and efficiency, this technology offers new possibilities for disease treatment through gene therapy and immune therapy.

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Iontophoretic ocular delivery of latanoprost-loaded nanoparticles via skin-attached electrodes

Se-Na Kim et al.

Summary: Prolonged drug efficacy is crucial for the successful treatment of glaucoma through topical drug delivery. A new strategy using drug-loaded nanoparticles and noninvasive iontophoresis is proposed in this study. Among the nanoparticles tested, the 300 nm particles demonstrated the most optimal in vivo drug delivery profile, providing extended drug efficacy for more than 7 days with a single administration.

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Drug-free contact lens based on quaternized chitosan and tannic acid for bacterial keratitis therapy and corneal repair

Zehui Jiao et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel polyacrylamide semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel was used to construct an antibacterial and antioxidant contact lens. The hydrogels showed excellent sterilization function against bacteria and had noticeable antioxidant properties. Animal experiments also showed the effectiveness of the contact lens in treating bacterial keratitis and protecting eye tissue structure. These drug-free contact lenses have the potential to be used in the treatment of ocular infectious and inflammatory diseases.

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Restoration of RPGR expression in vivo using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing

Jessica D. Gumerson et al.

Summary: The study successfully restored the RPGR(ORF15) gene mutation in the rd9 mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, correcting the function of the Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator and eliminating early disease phenotypes associated with the mutation.

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Topical ocular drug delivery systems: Innovations for an unmet need

Yingjia Yang et al.

Summary: The eye is a complex organ with multiple barriers that restrict drug delivery, leading to low bioavailability of commercially available ophthalmic drugs. This paper reviews the mechanisms that impede drug delivery on the ocular surface and discusses methods and novel technologies to improve bioavailability.

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In-situ tear fluid dissolving nanofibers enable prolonged viscosity-enhanced dual drug delivery to the eye

F. Rohde et al.

Summary: In this study, nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds were used as a drug delivery system for ophthalmic diseases. The scaffolds successfully released drugs and increased drug availability on the ocular surface for a prolonged period of time, overcoming the challenges associated with conventional dosage forms.

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Dendrimer as a momentous tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Aazam Shaikh et al.

Summary: Dendrimers have a wide range of applications in biomedical fields, including cargo delivery, nucleic acid delivery, and macromolecule delivery. They can also be used to crosslink synthetic and natural polymeric scaffolds and mimic the extracellular matrix. Dendrimers play a crucial role in regulating cell behavior and delivering bioactive molecules, and have shown significant results in stem cell survival, osteogenesis, and repair.

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bibliometric and visualized analysis of ocular drug delivery from 2001 to 2020

Cheng Peng et al.

Summary: This study conducted a bibliometric analysis on ocular drug delivery research over the past decade to characterize international trends and emerging frontiers. The results showed a significant increase in publications and citations, with the United States, the University of Florida, and Chauhan, Anuj being the most productive and impactful entities. The study identified important subtopics such as micro/nano ocular drug delivery systems, treatment of inflammation and posterior diseases, and emerging frontiers in ocular drug delivery.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Intravitreal antisense oligonucleotide sepofarsen in Leber congenital amaurosis type 10: a phase 1b/2 trial

Stephen R. Russell et al.

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NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

Review Ophthalmology

Switching between anti-VEGF agents in the management of refractory diabetic macular edema: A systematic review

Kian Madjedi et al.

Summary: For patients with refractory diabetic macular edema, switching to alternative anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents such as aflibercept or ranibizumab may lead to significant improvement in retinal thickness and edema.

SURVEY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2022)

Review Instruments & Instrumentation

In vitro dissolution testing models of ocular implants for posterior segment drug delivery

Muhammad Faris Adrianto et al.

Summary: Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye is challenging, with intraocular implants offering long-term therapy but facing challenges in selecting appropriate in vitro dissolution testing models. While in vitro test models can analyze drug release profiles, they may not accurately predict in vivo drug exposure.

DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Tacrolimus Loaded Cationic Liposomes for Dry Eye Treatment

Xiang Chen et al.

Summary: This study constructed cationic liposome eye drops to improve the ocular bioavailability of eye drops in dry eye treatment. The cationic liposomes prolonged the ocular retention time, increased the drug concentration in the ocular surface, and reduced inflammation factors.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

CRISPR-based VEGF suppression using paired guide RNAs for treatment of choroidal neovascularization

Sook Hyun Chung et al.

Summary: This study compares the effectiveness of using single versus paired gRNAs in the CRISPR-Cas9 system to target the Vegfa gene. Paired gRNAs increased gene ablation rates in human cells but did not enhance VEGF suppression in mouse eyes. Using two gRNAs for genome editing may increase the risk of off-target effects.

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recent Developments of Nanostructures for the Ocular Delivery of Natural Compounds

Malihe Sadat Razavi et al.

Summary: Ocular disorders are major causes of blindness, and natural products show potential in treating these diseases. However, most beneficial compounds have low solubility, resulting in low bioavailability. Nanotechnology-based strategies can improve drug bioavailability and overcome limitations in ocular drug delivery.

FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Polyaphron Formulations Stabilised with Different Water-Soluble Polymers for Ocular Drug Delivery

Roman Moiseev et al.

Summary: As drug delivery to the eye has advanced, researchers have focused on finding better treatments for ocular diseases. This study evaluated different polyaphron formulations and found that the 3% polyquaternium 10-based formulation had the best corneal retention, while the 10% poloxamer 188 and 1% polyquaternium 10-based formulations were the most stable. Toxicological evaluations showed that all four formulations had good biocompatibility with ocular tissues. These drug delivery systems have great potential for ocular drug delivery.

PHARMACEUTICS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Six-month sustained delivery of anti-VEGF from in-situ forming hydrogel in the suprachoroidal space

Jae Hwan Jung et al.

Summary: We developed an in-situ forming hydrogel for slow release of Bev, which can provide long-acting treatment for AMD. The hydrogel released Bev for over 6 months in the eye and showed good tolerance.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Corneal targeted fenticonazole nitrate-loaded novasomes for the management of ocular candidiasis: Preparation, in vitro characterization, ex vivo and in vivo assessments

Sadek Ahmed et al.

Summary: The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize Fenticonazole Nitrate-loaded novasomes for enhanced corneal penetration and antifungal activity. The optimized formula showed high entrapment efficiency, improved corneal permeation, and increased antifungal activity. The results confirmed the validity of novasomes in improving the corneal penetration and antifungal activity of Fenticonazole Nitrate.

DRUG DELIVERY (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Long-acting ocular drug delivery technologies with clinical precedent

Matthew N. O'Brien Laramy et al.

Summary: Ocular long-acting injectables and implants can reduce treatment burden, improve treatment adherence, and persistence. Further technological advancement is needed to create biodegradable LAIIs with extended release durations and compatibility with a broader array of therapeutic modalities.

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Development of an osmoprotective microemulsion as a therapeutic platform for ocular surface protection

J. J. Lopez-Canoa et al.

Summary: Self-emulsified osmoprotective ophthalmic microemulsions were prepared by combining different ingredients, showing excellent osmoprotective properties and stability in vitro and in vivo. These microemulsions could serve as a novel tool for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Improvement of PnPP-19 peptide bioavailability for glaucoma therapy: Design and application of nanowafers based on PVA

Lays Fernanda Nunes Dourado et al.

Summary: This study proposed the development of a drug nano-reservoir system, nanowafers containing PnPP-19, which demonstrated a hypotensive effect in rat's eyes when applied topically. The nanowafers showed prolonged release of the peptide compared to eye drops, and enhanced the hypotensive effect. These results suggest the potential therapeutic application of the nanowafers in treating retinal diseases such as glaucoma.

JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Exosomes in the visual system: New avenues in ocular diseases

Radhika Manukonda et al.

TUMOR BIOLOGY (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Preparation and Characterisation of a Cyclodextrin-Complexed Manuka Honey Microemulsion for Eyelid Application

Ilva D. Rupenthal et al.

Summary: Manuka honey with high antimicrobial activity is difficult to formulate for eyelid application due to its poor solubility and high viscosity. This study developed a liquid crystalline microemulsion containing alpha-cyclodextrin-complexed Manuka honey, which showed good physiological characteristics and strong antibacterial activity, making it a potential option for eyelid health management.

PHARMACEUTICS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Cyclosporine-loaded micelles for ocular delivery: Investigating the penetration mechanisms

Martina Ghezzi et al.

Summary: This study identified a micellar formulation that can solubilize a significant amount of cyclosporine and promote its transport across ocular barriers. Results showed that TPGS micelles can retain the drug in both the cornea and sclera, with different penetration mechanisms. The study also found that TPGS, as a permeation enhancer, has reversible effects on corneal permeability. This research is of importance for the development of novel drug delivery systems for ocular application.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Nanomedicine and drug delivery to the retina: current status and implications for gene therapy

Mohamed Tawfik et al.

Summary: Blindness affects over 60 million people worldwide, with retinal disorders being one of the leading causes. Various drug delivery technologies, such as nanoparticles and microneedles, are being studied to improve drug bioavailability and provide controlled and sustained release. Gene delivery is also an area of research focus.

NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Review Polymer Science

Drug Delivery Challenges and Current Progress in Nanocarrier-Based Ocular Therapeutic System

Md Habban Akhter et al.

Summary: Topical drug instillation is the preferred route for treating ocular ailments due to its noninvasive and convenient nature. However, the physiological barriers in the eye limit the drug availability. Innovative drug delivery systems, such as nanotechnology platforms, have been developed to overcome these barriers and improve drug bioavailability in ocular tissue. The rational design of ocular therapeutic systems is crucial for enhancing drug concentration and permeation in specific areas of the eye.
Review Ophthalmology

Nanotechnology-based formulations to amplify intraocular bioavailability

Konstantinos Kagkelaris et al.

Summary: Topical delivery of ophthalmic drugs is challenging due to unique and complex barriers that limit their bioavailability. Current research focuses on developing innovative delivery strategies to overcome this issue. This review explores the latest developments in ocular drug delivery formulations for anterior segment pathology.

THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY (2022)

Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

Nanosuspension-loaded dissolving bilayer microneedles for hydrophobic drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye

Yu Wu et al.

Summary: An alternative system of nanosuspensions (NS) and dissolving microneedles (MNs) was developed for the minimally invasive transscleral delivery of hydrophobic drugs. The optimized NS-loaded MNs demonstrated higher drug deposition and better penetration compared to plain drug-loaded MNs. The developed hybrid system showed excellent biocompatibility with ocular tissues and could potentially be used as an effective and minimally invasive technology for the treatment of retinal diseases.

BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Progress on ocular siRNA gene-silencing therapy and drug delivery systems

Jinjin Jiang et al.

Summary: RNA interference (RNAi) is increasingly utilized in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, showing significant therapeutic effects with siRNA drugs. The choice of administration routes and vectors is crucial for enhancing the therapeutic effects of gene drugs.

FUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Review Ophthalmology

Commonly used intracameral antibiotics for endophthalmitis prophylaxis: A literature review

Andrzej Grzybowski et al.

Summary: Endophthalmitis, a serious complication of cataract surgery, can be reduced by routine intracameral antibiotic injection. Studies show that intracameral cefuroxime decreases the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis. The choice of antibiotic varies globally due to factors such as cost and causative organisms.

SURVEY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

Review Ophthalmology

Role of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in targeting ocular neovascularization: A review

Shibani Supe et al.

Summary: Ocular neovascularization plays a central role in various ocular diseases, and targeting VEGF with siRNA provides a promising new approach for treatment. The use of ocular anti-VEGF therapy has marked a new era in the treatment of retinal diseases. Delivery methods for siRNA protecting against degradation and suitable for long-term care are key to enhancing the effectiveness of RNAi-based anti-VEGF ocular therapies.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Emerging potential of niosomes in ocular delivery

Amit Verma et al.

Summary: Niosomes have emerged as a promising tool for site-specific drug delivery, particularly in ophthalmology. They overcome limitations of traditional liposomes and enhance drug adhesion at the ocular site. Niosomes accommodate a variety of drugs and are widely used in ocular drug delivery.

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY (2021)

Review Ophthalmology

The Emerging Role of Topical Ocular Drugs to Target the Posterior Eye

Lixiang Wang et al.

Summary: The prevalence of chronic fundus diseases is increasing due to the aging population, leading to challenges in treatment due to the complex structure and barriers of the eye. Using topical drugs to treat retinal diseases is an attractive solution, and advancements in new materials and technologies offer the potential for innovative formulations.

OPHTHALMOLOGY AND THERAPY (2021)

Review Infectious Diseases

The global incidence and diagnosis of fungal keratitis

Lottie Brown et al.

Summary: Fungal keratitis is a severe corneal infection that can lead to blindness and eye loss. It is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical climates, often affecting young agricultural workers of low socioeconomic status. Based on literature review, the highest incidence rates are in Asia and Africa, with a global annual impact on over a million people.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Review Instruments & Instrumentation

Corticosteroids in ophthalmology: drug delivery innovations, pharmacology, clinical applications, and future perspectives

Sherif A. Gaballa et al.

Summary: Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment for various ocular conditions due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Different routes of administration can enhance therapeutic effects but also pose significant local risks, including intraocular pressure elevation and cataract formation.

DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Nano-in-Nano dendrimer gel particles for efficient topical delivery of antiglaucoma drugs into the eye

Juan Wang et al.

Summary: We have developed nano-in-nano dendrimer gel particles for enhancing drug delivery efficiency and achieving sustained release and synergistic efficacy of antiglaucoma drugs, which could have clinical impact on improving glaucoma treatment.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2021)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Novel Treatments for Diabetic Macular Edema and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Nhon T. Le et al.

Summary: Novel agents with unique mechanisms are being developed for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, which may offer greater durability and efficacy compared to existing drugs. Some target new pathways, others use slow-release delivery systems, and some modify gene expression through a single-dose treatment. While adverse events have been observed with longer-durability agents, many investigational products show excellent efficacy and safety profiles. Ongoing and future trials may revolutionize the current treatment paradigm for diabetic retinopathy.

CURRENT DIABETES REPORTS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Voriconazole Ternary Micellar Systems for the Treatment of Ocular Mycosis: Statistical Optimization and In Vivo Evaluation

Abdurrahman Muhammad Fahmy et al.

Summary: The study successfully formulated VRC into ternary micellar systems (TMSs) for the topical treatment of ocular mycosis, which showed high solubilization efficiency and small micellar size. After various tests, it exhibited good stability and safety for ocular use, indicating that it can be a promising treatment for ocular mycosis.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2021)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Current Clinical Applications of In Vivo Gene Therapy with AAVs

Jerry R. Mendell et al.

Summary: Hereditary diseases are caused by gene mutations, affecting millions of Americans, and gene therapy using adeno-associated virus (AAV) has shown promise in treating these diseases. Five treatments have been approved for commercialization, with many more in clinical trials, showcasing the potential of gene therapy in treating a wide range of genetic disorders.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Nanotechnology for Topical Drug Delivery to the Anterior Segment of the Eye

Alexander Vaneev et al.

Summary: Topical drug delivery for eye therapy is challenging due to short retention time, insufficient contact with epithelium, fast elimination, and difficulties in overcoming ocular tissue barriers. Various conventional and novel drug delivery systems, particularly nanosize carriers, have been developed to improve drug bioavailability and enhance therapeutic action for eye diseases. Promising results have been shown with drug-loaded nanoparticles for sustained drug release and improved efficacy in vitro and in vivo.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration

Furqan A. Maulvi et al.

Summary: The human eye is a complex organ with unique anatomy and physiology that restricts drug delivery. Recent advances in pharmacy, biotechnology and material science have led to the development of novel ophthalmic dosage forms, improving drug delivery, reducing dosing frequency and enhancing ocular bioavailability. Different routes of drug administration and their advancements and limitations have been discussed in ophthalmic preparations from 2016 to 2020.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Emerging Nano-Formulations and Nanomedicines Applications for Ocular Drug Delivery

Dawin Khiev et al.

Summary: Nanotechnology plays a crucial role in treating ocular diseases by providing advantages such as sustained drug release and specific tissue targeting, as well as overcoming the blood-retinal barrier to increase drug bioavailability.

NANOMATERIALS (2021)

Review Cell Biology

The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Blood-Retinal Barrier Physiology in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Annamaria Tisi et al.

Summary: The blood retinal barrier (BRB) undergoes changes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), leading to retinal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is widely recognized as a key factor in AMD. The use of cerium oxide nanoparticles may be a new approach to combat AMD.
Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Improved Treatment Options for Glaucoma with Brimonidine-Loaded Lipid DNA Nanoparticles

Sven Schnichels et al.

Summary: A drug-delivery system based on DNA nanoparticles loaded with brimonidine showed improved affinity towards the cornea, reduced intraocular pressure, and enhanced drug release compared to controls. The system demonstrated no toxicity and improved efficacy, potentially increasing patient compliance.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Strategies to prolong the residence time of drug delivery systems on ocular surface

Brunella Grassiri et al.

Summary: Ocular diseases can be treated via various routes of administration, with topical administration being the most accepted by patients despite its lower bioavailability. To prolong drug residence time and reduce dosing frequency, strategies like viscosity increasing and mucoadhesive excipients are used. Liquid and semisolid formulations are preferred over solid ones for their potential to contain nano- and microcarrier systems that contribute to prolonged residence time.

ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Advanced nanodelivery platforms for topical ophthalmic drug delivery

Shima Gholizadeh et al.

Summary: By integrating nanotechnology, biomaterials, and polymer chemistry, recent and innovative nanodrug delivery platforms offer precise spatial and temporal control over sustained drug release to the cornea, improving drug bioavailability and reducing the frequency of eyedrop instillation.

DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Cyclosporine A Nanosuspensions for Ophthalmic Delivery: A Comparative Study between Cationic Nanoparticles and Drug-Core Mucus Penetrating Nanoparticles

Rong Yan et al.

Summary: The study compared the mucoadhesion of cationic nanoparticles and mucous permeability of MPPs on ocular bioavailability. Both cationic and MPP nanosuspensions showed effective delivery of CsA to anterior ocular tissues, with the cationic nanosuspension achieving relatively higher bioavailability. The results suggest that cationic nanosuspension could be a promising ocular drug delivery system.

MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Therapeutic nanocoating of ocular surface

Liangbo Chen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the formation of a durable and protective therapeutic nanocoating on the ocular surface by instilling biomimetic drug-loaded nanoparticles, which can specifically bind to ocular epithelium fibronectin and improve the stability of tear film. This approach shows therapeutic benefits in mouse and rabbit models of dry eye disease, indicating the potential of therapeutic nanocoating to treat eye diseases.

NANO TODAY (2021)

Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Progress of Nanotechnology in Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment

Yuxin Liu et al.

Summary: Diabetic retinopathy is a chronic complication of diabetes that can lead to vision problems or even blindness. Current treatments include laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy. Nanotechnology shows potential for innovative treatment approaches in DR.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Design of Topical Ocular Ciprofloxacin Nanoemulsion for the Management of Bacterial Keratitis

Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef et al.

Summary: Bacterial keratitis is a serious ocular infection, and using CIP-loaded nanoemulsion (CIP-NE) can enhance drug penetration into the cornea, improve treatment outcomes, and exhibit better release and permeation performance than commercial ophthalmic solutions.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Peptide-based supramolecular hydrogels for local drug delivery

Zhenghao Zhang et al.

Summary: Peptide-based supramolecular hydrogels have shown great promise as drug delivery systems due to their excellent biocompatibility, response to external stimuli, and ability to self-assemble into specific nanostructures in different environments. Utilizing inherent biological microenvironment as stimuli can provide spatiotemporal controllability for transporting therapeutics more accurately. These materials formed by weak non-covalent interactions exhibit shear-thinning and immediate recovery behavior, making them injectable and ideal for drug delivery.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Chitosan coated nanoparticles for efficient delivery of bevacizumab in the posterior ocular tissues via subconjunctival administration

Jayamanti Pandit et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the chitosan-coated poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for sustained and effective delivery of bevacizumab to posterior ocular tissues. The results showed better penetration and higher concentration of bevacizumab in posterior ocular tissues, and demonstrated more reduction of VEGF level in retina in a retinopathy model, suggesting the potential utility of CS-coated PLGA NPs as carriers to target the retina.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

Review Cell Biology

The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling

Sonam Gurung et al.

Summary: Exosomes have vast potential in clinical applications, and understanding their biology is crucial. The processes of exosome biogenesis, transport, and uptake involve numerous influencing factors.

CELL COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING (2021)

Article Ophthalmology

RNA therapeutics in ophthalmology-translation to clinical trials

Aanchal Gupta et al.

Summary: The use of RNA interference technology has shown promise in inhibiting the expression of target genes involved in various diseases, including ocular disorders. However, more research is needed to address issues related to the delivery and stability of therapeutic drugs for long-term treatment. This review explores recent developments and clinical trials of gene-silencing therapies in ophthalmology, aiming to evaluate the potential advantages and disadvantages of these drugs for future translation.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Assessment of a New Nanostructured Microemulsion System for Ocular Delivery of Sorafenib to Posterior Segment of the Eye

Manuela Santonocito et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that NaMESys-SOR eye drops can effectively deliver sorafenib to the retina and reduce proinflammatory and pro-angiogenic mediators in various animal models, showing potential for the treatment of proliferative retinopathies.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Betaxolol-loaded niosomes integrated within pH-sensitive in situ forming gel for management of glaucoma

Ayat Allam et al.

Summary: Blindness and impaired vision are significant health conditions that lead to socio-economic strains. This study focused on developing nanoparticulate systems for enhancing ocular availability of betaxolol hydrochloride for glaucoma management. The results showed promising potential for the developed pH-triggered nanoparticulate gelling system in ophthalmic drug delivery and improving glaucoma treatment.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Challenges and strategies for the delivery of biologics to the cornea

M. Wels et al.

Summary: Although biologics such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids show promise as drugs for treating various diseases, delivering them to the cornea presents challenges due to anatomical barriers and intracellular delivery obstacles. Efforts to successfully deliver biologics to the cornea using biochemical and physical methods are discussed in this review, highlighting the need to overcome these barriers.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Catherine J. Thomas et al.

MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Glaucoma

Jessica Minjy Kang et al.

MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Biopharmaceutics of Topical Ophthalmic Suspensions: Importance of Viscosity and Particle Size in Ocular Absorption of Indomethacin

Elisa Toropainen et al.

Summary: The study found that both particle size and viscosity significantly impact the absorption of drugs in ocular suspensions. Smaller particles facilitate drug absorption to deeper ocular tissues, while higher viscosity increases the overall drug absorption.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Development of Triamcinolone Acetonide-Loaded Microemulsion as a Prospective Ophthalmic Delivery System for Treatment of Uveitis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Alaa Mahran et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that the triamcinolone acetonide-loaded microemulsion showed superior therapeutic efficiency in the treatment of uveitis with high patient compliance compared to commercial suspension, indicating its potential as an ocular treatment option for controlling uveitis.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ferulic Acid-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles for Potential Ocular Delivery

Alessia Romeo et al.

Summary: The study proposes a novel method to improve the bioavailability of ferulic acid through nanoformulations, specifically polymeric nanoparticles. Various tests and analyses demonstrated the potential application of these nanoformulations in ocular drug delivery.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Targeted Noninvasive Treatment of Choroidal Neovascularization by Hybrid Cell-Membrane-Cloaked Biomimetic Nanoparticles

Manjing Li et al.

Summary: The development of hybrid cell-membrane-cloaked nanoparticles as an alternative antiangiogenic agent for noninvasive targeted treatment of CNV has shown significantly enhanced accumulation in CNV regions and excellent therapeutic efficacy in reducing leakage and area of CNV. This biomimetic approach provides an effective strategy for the treatment of CNV.

ACS NANO (2021)

Article Ophthalmology

Dexamethasone-Eluting Contact Lens for the Prevention of Postphotorefractive Keratectomy Scar in a New Zealand White Rabbit Model

Timothy A. Soeken et al.

Summary: In a New Zealand White rabbit model for post-PRK, dexamethasone-eluting contact lenses worn weekly for 4 weeks were found to be as safe and effective in preventing corneal haze as 0.1% dexamethasone eye drops applied 4 times a day for 4 weeks. The tarsorrhaphy only group displayed more haze compared to the other treatment groups, indicating the effectiveness of using DCL or dexamethasone-containing BCL.

CORNEA (2021)

Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Ten Years of Knowledge of Nano-Carrier Based Drug Delivery Systems in Ophthalmology: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Future Prospective

Jie Zhang et al.

Summary: The complex drug delivery barrier in the eye can be overcome by utilizing nanotechnology and various nano-carriers to enhance drug bioavailability, retention time, and permeability in the eye. These approaches hold great potential for treating ocular diseases effectively.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Colloidal nanosystems with mucoadhesive properties designed for ocular topical delivery

Beatriz Silva et al.

Summary: In recent years, there has been a growing scientific interest in topical ocular delivery targeting the posterior segment of the eye, as it is a non-invasive and well-tolerated administration route with fewer side effects. Improving corneal permeability or prolonging precorneal retention time can enhance intraocular bioavailability of drugs. Nanosystems utilizing mucoadhesive polymers or colloidal particles have emerged as promising strategies for more efficient treatment of ocular diseases.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye: A review of current and future treatment strategies

Mohammad Mofidfar et al.

Summary: Research in ophthalmic drug formulations has focused on improving drug penetration and bioavailability in the eye, as well as developing technologies to overcome physiological and anatomical barriers. Innovative technologies and formulations have been developed to extend the duration of drug action and enhance therapeutic effects for patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

In vitro and in vivo biological assessment of dual drug-loaded coaxial nanofibers for the treatment of corneal abrasion

Essam A. Tawfik et al.

Summary: This study successfully developed a dual drug-loaded nanofiber system with antimicrobial, anti-scarring, and pharmacokinetic properties, showing potential for the treatment of corneal abrasion.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Systemic dendrimer nanotherapies for targeted suppression of choroidal inflammation and neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration

Siva P. Kambhampati et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates a potential systemic therapy approach for selectively targeting and inhibiting the progression of AMD, showing promising efficacy in animal models and human postmortem studies.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Soft Contact Lenses as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review

Iwona Rykowska et al.

Summary: Contact lenses serve as an innovative drug delivery system in treating eye diseases, reducing drug loss and extending the duration of efficacy. Studies have shown that contact lenses can significantly improve the penetration of topical therapeutic agents for eye treatments.

MOLECULES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Topical Astodrimer Sodium, a Non-Toxic Polyanionic Dendrimer, Demonstrates Antiviral Activity in an Experimental Ocular Adenovirus Infection Model

Eric G. Romanowski et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the ocular tolerability and anti-adenoviral efficacy of topical SPL7013 in rabbit ocular models. Results showed that 3% SPL7013 and 0.5% cidofovir significantly reduced viral titers and duration of viral shedding compared to vehicle. The study suggests further development of astodrimer sodium as a topical antiviral therapy for adenoviral ocular infections.

MOLECULES (2021)

Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Extracellular vesicles as a next-generation drug delivery platform

Inge Katrin Herrmann et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and can serve as drug carriers with advantages over synthetic carriers. However, clinical translation of extracellular vesicle-based therapies remains challenging, requiring further research and development efforts.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Toxicology

Studying the ophthalmic toxicity potential of developed ketoconazole loaded nanoemulsion in situ gel formulation for ophthalmic administration

Mohammad Tavakoli et al.

Summary: Ocular fungal infections can result in significant vision loss, particularly in tropical regions of developing countries. This study focused on developing an in situ gel formulation containing ketoconazole (KZ) to improve bioavailability for ophthalmic drug delivery. Results from MTT assay, HET-CAM, and modified Draize test demonstrated that the KZ-NE in situ gel formulation was safe, non-irritant, and well-tolerated for potential application in ophthalmic drug delivery.

TOXICOLOGY MECHANISMS AND METHODS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ocular Delivery of Predatory Bacteria with Cryomicroneedles Against Eye Infection

Mingyue Cui et al.

Summary: The study introduced cryomicroneedles (cryoMN) for the ocular delivery of predatory Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (B. bacteriovorus) bacteria, demonstrating their effectiveness in treating ocular bacterial infections and opening new avenues for the treatment of ocular surface disorders.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Neuroprotective Effect of siRNA Entrapped in Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Lipoplexes by Intravitreal Administration

Marcela Coelho Silva Ribeiro et al.

Summary: The study developed lipoplexes coated with hyaluronic acid for potential neuroprotective effect in a retinal light damage model. These systems successfully delivered siRNA molecules targeting caspase-3 and showed significant inhibition of caspase-3 expression without any retinal toxicity.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Improvement of Imiquimod Solubilization and Skin Retention via TPGS Micelles: Exploiting the Co-Solubilizing Effect of Oleic Acid

Martina Ghezzi et al.

Summary: The study aimed to improve the solubility and skin retention of Imiquimod using micelles of TPGS and oleic acid, which showed significant enhancement in drug solubility and micellar stability. The delivery efficiency of this formulation was found to be 42- and 25-folds higher than that of commercial creams after application.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Article Engineering, Biomedical

Reduction of choroidal neovascularization via cleavable VEGF antibodies conjugated to exosomes derived from regulatory T cells

Ying Tian et al.

Summary: Injecting exosomes derived from regulatory T cells and conjugated with an anti-VEGF antibody into the eye significantly suppressed ocular neovascularization in mouse and non-human primate models, showing potential for use in other combination therapies.

NATURE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

An ion-paired moxifloxacin nanosuspension eye drop provides improved prevention and treatment of ocular infection

Aditya Josyula et al.

Summary: This study describes an ion-pairing approach to creating MOX-PAM NS for the treatment of ocular infections, significantly increasing ocular drug absorption and demonstrating good prophylactic and treatment efficacy in a rat model.

BIOENGINEERING & TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Confocal Microscopy and Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of the Ocular Surface and Bleb Morphology in Medically and Surgically Treated Glaucoma Patients: A Review

Carmela Carnevale et al.

Summary: Research has focused on the ocular surface disease (OSD) commonly found in glaucoma patients and changes related to glaucoma therapy, utilizing advanced diagnostic imaging technologies such as IVCM and AS-OCT to detect microscopic and macroscopic features of these alterations.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2021)

Review Ophthalmology

Gene therapy in retinal diseases: A review

Deven Dhurandhar et al.

Summary: Gene therapy holds tremendous potential for retinal conditions due to its accessibility, immune-privileged status, and tight blood-retinal barriers which limit systemic side effects of the drug. Recent advances in gene therapy for retinal conditions, including progress in cell-specific targeting and transduction efficiency of gene products through the use of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs), suggest the possibility of even greater success in future clinical trials.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Exosome-mediated delivery of an anti-angiogenic peptide inhibits pathological retinal angiogenesis

Xue Dong et al.

Summary: The study utilized exosomes (EXOs) as carriers for delivering the anti-angiogenic peptide KV11 via retro-orbital injection, showing enhanced suppression of neovascularization and vascular leakage in the retina. This system has the potential to treat proliferative retinopathy in a less invasive manner compared to intravitreal injection.

THERANOSTICS (2021)

Article Ophthalmology

Distinct ocular surface soluble factor profile in human corneal dystrophies

Rohit Shetty et al.

OCULAR SURFACE (2020)

Article Ophthalmology

Effect of nutritional supplement based on melatonin on the intraocular pressure in normotensive subjects

Gonzalo Carracedo-Rodriguez et al.

INTERNATIONAL OPHTHALMOLOGY (2020)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Non-transdermal microneedles for advanced drug delivery

KangJu Lee et al.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Advances of spontaneous emulsification and its important applications in enhanced oil recovery process

Zhe Li et al.

ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Penetratin-modified lutein nanoemulsion in-situ gel for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration

Ying Ge et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG DELIVERY (2020)

Review Ophthalmology

Advances in ocular drug delivery systems

Jennifer J. Kang-Mieler et al.

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Functional ibuprofen-loaded cationic nanoemulsion: Development and optimization for dry eye disease treatment

Bisera Jurisic Dukovski et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Development of thermosensitive in situ gel nanoemulsions for ocular delivery of acyclovir

Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian et al.

JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2020)

Article Ophthalmology

Evolving Guidelines for Intracameral Injection

Jeffrey M. Liebmann et al.

JOURNAL OF GLAUCOMA (2020)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes

Raghu Kalluri et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Latanoprost niosomes as a sustained release ocular delivery system for the management of glaucoma

Dina Fathalla et al.

DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY (2020)

Article Instruments & Instrumentation

Design, optimisation and evaluation of in situ gelling nanoemulsion formulations of brinzolamide

Hemant Bhalerao et al.

DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Dry Eye Disease and Tear Cytokine Levels-A Meta-Analysis

Matilde Roda et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Functionalized silk fibroin nanofibers as drug carriers: Advantages and challenges

Mehdi Farokhi et al.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Advances and limitations of drug delivery systems formulated as eye drops

Clotilde Jumelle et al.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Therapeutic Nanoparticles and Their Targeted Delivery Applications

Abuzer Alp Yetisgin et al.

MOLECULES (2020)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye: Biopharmaceutic and Pharmacokinetic Considerations

Ruben Varela-Fernandez et al.

PHARMACEUTICS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Triamcinolone Acetonide-Loaded PEGylated Microemulsion for the Posterior Segment of Eye

Kritika Nayak et al.

ACS OMEGA (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Melatonin regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, VEGF and apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy in rats

Ismaela Maria Ferreira de Melo et al.

CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Cationic rifampicin nanoemulsion for the treatment of ocular tuberculosis

Mirla Anali Bazan Henostroza et al.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS (2020)

Article Ophthalmology

Biological functions of tear film

Stephen C. Pflugfelder et al.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Prodrugs and nanomicelles to overcome ocular barriers for drug penetration

Vrinda Gote et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG METABOLISM & TOXICOLOGY (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Contact Lenses as Drug Delivery System for Glaucoma: A Review

Assumpta Peral et al.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2020)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Adeno-Associated Virus Mediated Gene Therapy for Corneal Diseases

Prabhakar Bastola et al.

PHARMACEUTICS (2020)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Soft Contact Lens with Embedded Microtubes for Sustained and Self-Adaptive Drug Delivery for Glaucoma Treatment

Xiaoke Ding et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye

Kuei-Ju Cheng et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

Article Ophthalmology

Inflammatory basis for dry eye disease flares

Victor L. Perez et al.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ocular barriers to retinal delivery of intravitreal liposomes: Impact of vitreoretinal interface

Shirin Tavakoli et al.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Intravitreal hydrogels for sustained release of therapeutic proteins

Blessing C. Ilochonwu et al.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2020)

Review Engineering, Biomedical

Emerging role of nanosuspensions in drug delivery systems

Shery Jacob et al.

BIOMATERIALS RESEARCH (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: current status and translational opportunity

Srividya Gorantla et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2020)

Review Cell Biology

Exosome-Mediated Metastasis: Communication from a Distance

Inbal Wortzel et al.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2019)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Therapeutic implications of nanomedicine for ocular drug delivery

Tuo Meng et al.

DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY (2019)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ocular biocompatibility of dexamethasone acetate loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers

Gisele Rodrigues Da Silva et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS (2019)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Dermal targeting of Centella asiatica extract using hyaluronic acid surface modified niosomes

Panikchar Wichayapreechar et al.

JOURNAL OF LIPOSOME RESEARCH (2019)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ocular Drug Delivery: Present Innovations and Future Challenges

Vrinda Gote et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (2019)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Challenges and opportunities for drug delivery to the posterior of the eye

Fernando J. Cabrera et al.

DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY (2019)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Efficacy and safety of bromfenac 0.075% formulated in DuraSite for pain and inflammation in cataract surgery

Scott M. Wentz et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON PHARMACOTHERAPY (2019)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Recent advances in non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): Fabrication, characterization, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications

Shuo Chen et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS (2019)

Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Applications of microneedles in delivering drugs for various ocular diseases

Pallavi Gupta et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2019)

Review Ophthalmology

Nanotechnology-Ocular Devices for Glaucoma Treatment: A Literature Review

Joana Cardigos et al.

CURRENT EYE RESEARCH (2019)

Article Ophthalmology

Phomopsidione nanoparticles coated contact lenses reduce microbial keratitis causing pathogens

Muhammad Yusoff Bin Sahadan et al.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2019)

Review Ophthalmology

21st century glaucoma care

Harry A. Quigley

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Brinzolamide-loaded nanoemulsions: ex vivo transcorneal permeation, cell viability and ocular irritation tests

Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian et al.

PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (2019)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ocular Pharmacokinetics of a Topical Ophthalmic Nanomicellar Solution of Cyclosporine (Cequa®) for Dry Eye Disease

Abhirup Mandal et al.

PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH (2019)

Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Fundamentals, challenges, and nanomedicine-based solutions for ocular diseases

Dadi A. Srinivasarao et al.

WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2019)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ophthalmic gels: Past, present and future

Ali A. Al-Kinani et al.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2018)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Microspheres as intraocular therapeutic tools in chronic diseases of the optic nerve and retina

Irene Bravo-Osuna et al.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2018)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The suprachoroidal space as a route of administration to the posterior segment of the eye

Bryce Chiang et al.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2018)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Overcoming ocular drug delivery barriers through the use of physical forces

Di Huang et al.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2018)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The ability of two in vitro lipolysis models reflecting the human and rat gastro-intestinal conditions to predict the in vivo performance of SNEDDS dosing regimens

Scheyla Daniela Siqueira Jorgensen et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS (2018)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Drug nanocrystals - Versatile option for formulation of poorly soluble materials

Leena Peltonen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2018)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Polymer-based carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery

Julieta C. Imperiale et al.

JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE (2018)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Nanofiber in transmucosal drug delivery

Amar Deepak et al.

JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2018)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Gene therapy comes of age

Cynthia E. Dunbar et al.

SCIENCE (2018)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Transcriptome Profiling of Neovascularized Corneas Reveals miR-204 as a Multi-target Biotherapy Deliverable by rAAVs

Yi Lu et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS (2018)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems for Antibiotherapy-A Review

Marion Dubald et al.

PHARMACEUTICS (2018)

Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

A review on recent drug delivery systems for posterior segment of eye

Kritika Nayak et al.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2018)

Article Ophthalmology

Impact of Dry Eye on Psychosomatic Symptoms and Quality of Life in a Healthy Youthful Clinical Sample

Kofi Asiedu et al.

EYE & CONTACT LENS-SCIENCE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE (2018)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ocular Drug Delivery: Role of Degradable Polymeric Nanocarriers for Ophthalmic Application

Cheng-Han Tsai et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2018)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Age-related macular degeneration

Paul Mitchell et al.

LANCET (2018)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Targeted Ocular Drug Delivery with Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Considerations

Jie Shen et al.

PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH (2018)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Topical Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye: Addressing the Challenge of Preclinical to Clinical Translation

Gerard A. Rodrigues et al.

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