High correlations between plant clonality and ecosystem service functions after management in a chronosequence of evergreen conifer plantations

IntroductionClimate change and mono-afforestation or mono-reforestation have continuously caused a decline in biodiversity and ecosystem services on forest plantations. Key plant functional traits in forests or plantations may affect ecosystem functions after forest management practices. Plant clonality, a key functional trait, frequently links to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and affects the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship. However, little is known about how plant clonality affects ecosystem functions and services of plantations after forest management.MethodsWe conducted a field experiment to discuss the diversity and proportion of clonal plants, plant diversity of the communities, and ecosystem service functions and their relationships under 10 years of close-to-nature (CTN) management, artificial gap management, and control (i.e., without management) in the three stages of C. Lanceolata plantations.ResultsOur results showed that CTN and gap management modes significantly facilitated diversity of clonal plants, plant diversity of the communities, and parameters of ecosystem service functions in C. lanceolata plantations. Moreover, CTN management promoted plant community diversity, soil water conservation, and carbon storage the most in the earlier stand stages. Diversity of clonal plants was significantly positively correlated with ecosystem service functions after forest management. Structural equation modeling analysis indicated that forest gap or CTN management indirectly positively affected ecosystem service functions through increasing diversity of clonal woody plants and plant diversity of the communities.ConclusionOur results indicate a highly positive effect of gap or CTN management on diversity and proportion of clonal plants and on plant diversity of the communities, which link to improvements in ecosystem service functions (i.e., water and soil conservation and carbon storage). The link between forest management, diversity, and ecosystem functions suggests that key functional traits or plant functional groups should be considered to underline the mechanism of traits-ecosystem functioning relationships and the restoration of degraded plantations.

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Our study examines the impact of different forest management practices on the diversity and proportion of clonal plants, plant diversity of the communities, and ecosystem service functions in C. lanceolata plantations. We found that close-to-nature (CTN) and gap management significantly increased the diversity of clonal plants, plant diversity of the communities, and ecosystem service functions. CTN management had the greatest positive effect on plant community diversity, soil water conservation, and carbon storage in the early stages of the plantations. The diversity of clonal plants was positively correlated with ecosystem service functions after forest management. Our findings suggest that forest management practices play a crucial role in promoting biodiversity and improving ecosystem service functions in plantations.