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How do plants maintain pH and ion homeostasis under saline-alkali stress?

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phosphatidic acid-regulated SOS2 controls sodium and potassium homeostasis in Arabidopsis under salt stress

Jianfang Li et al.

Summary: The maintenance of Na+/K+ homeostasis is crucial for salt tolerance in plant cells. In this study, it is shown that phosphatidic acid (PA) binds to SOS2, a core member of the SOS pathway, under salt stress, enhancing its activity and plasma membrane localization. PA also promotes the phosphorylation of SCaBP8 by SOS2, which attenuates the inhibition of AKT1, an inward-rectifying K+ channel. These results suggest that PA regulates the SOS pathway and AKT1 activity under salt stress, promoting Na+ efflux and K+ influx to maintain Na+/K+ homeostasis.

EMBO JOURNAL (2023)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Populus euphratica GLABRA3 Binds PLDδ Promoters to Enhance Salt Tolerance

Ying Zhang et al.

Summary: High NaCl concentration can induce the transcription of phospholipase D delta (PLD delta) in the roots and leaves of the salt-resistant woody species Populus euphratica. The binding of PeGLABRA3, a transcription factor, to the promoter region of PePLD delta activates the transcription of AtPLD delta in transgenic Arabidopsis, leading to the regulation of Na+ and ROS homeostasis under salt stress.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1 is inhibited by clade D Protein phosphatase 2C D6 and D7 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Haiqi Fu et al.

Summary: In this study, it was found that SOS3-LIKE CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN8 (SCaBP8) mediates the regulation of phosphatases PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 by calcium signaling, which inhibits the activity of sodium ion/hydrogen ion antiporter SOS1 under non-salt-stress conditions. Under salt stress, SCaBP8 interacts with PP2Cs and suppresses their phosphatase activity, while also regulating the subcellular localization of PP2C.D6. These findings reveal the negative regulatory mechanism of the SOS pathway and provide important clues for further research on plant salt tolerance.

PLANT CELL (2023)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phytochromes enhance SOS2-mediated PIF1 and PIF3 phosphorylation and degradation to promote Arabidopsis salt tolerance

Liang Ma et al.

Summary: Soil salinity is a detrimental abiotic stress for plants, while light plays a core role in regulating plant growth and response to stress. This study reveals that Arabidopsis seedlings are more salt-tolerant in light conditions, and the photoreceptors phyA and phyB are involved in this mechanism. The results demonstrate that phyA and phyB physically interact with SOS2 to enhance its activity and promote salt tolerance. Furthermore, SOS2 phosphorylates PIF1 and PIF3, negatively regulating salt tolerance. Overall, this study expands our understanding of how plants adapt to salt stress in different light environments.

PLANT CELL (2023)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A Gγ protein regulates alkaline sensitivity in crops

Huili Zhang et al.

Summary: The use of alkaline salt lands for crop production is limited by a lack of knowledge and breeding efforts in plant alkaline tolerance. Through genome association analysis of sorghum, a major locus, Alkaline Tolerance 1 (AT1), specifically related to alkaline-salinity sensitivity, was identified. Knockout of AT1 increased tolerance to alkalinity in multiple crops, while an at1 allele with a carboxyl-terminal truncation increased sensitivity. AT1 encodes an atypical G protein g subunit that modulates the distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by affecting the phosphorylation of aquaporins. Knockout of AT1 homologs or selection of its natural nonfunctional alleles could enhance crop productivity in sodic lands.

SCIENCE (2023)

Article Plant Sciences

FERONIA coordinates plant growth and salt tolerance via the phosphorylation of phyB

Xin Liu et al.

Summary: Phosphorylation modification of phytochrome B (phyB) is essential for its thermal reversion, and this study identifies FERONIA (FER) as the kinase that phosphorylates phyB to regulate plant growth and salt tolerance. The phosphorylation not only regulates dark-triggered photobody dissociation but also modulates phyB protein abundance in the nucleus. The study also reveals that under salt stress, inhibited FER kinase activity leads to delayed photobody dissociation and increased phyB protein abundance in the nucleus, ultimately impacting plant growth and stress tolerance.

NATURE PLANTS (2023)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

How salt stress-responsive proteins regulate plant adaptation to saline conditions?

Mohamed Magdy F. Mansour et al.

Summary: Salt stress is a major environmental constraint that affects plant distribution, growth, and yield worldwide. Scientists are studying plant salt tolerance mechanisms to develop salt tolerant crop plants, with proteomics playing a crucial role in identifying candidate proteins involved in salt tolerance. Proteomic studies have revealed various salt responsive proteins that regulate processes like photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and signal transduction, offering potential for biotechnological approaches to improve crop plant tolerance to salt conditions.

PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The molecular mechanism of plasma membrane H+-ATPases in plant responses to abiotic stress

Jing Li et al.

Summary: This review discusses the mechanism of plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPases) in response to abiotic stresses in plants, including salt and high pH, temperature, drought, light, macronutrient deficiency, acidic soil and aluminum stress, as well as heavy metal toxicity. It also raises remaining outstanding questions about the role of PM H+-ATPases in abiotic stress responses.

JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND GENOMICS (2022)

Article Plant Sciences

OSCA1 is an osmotic specific sensor: a method to distinguish Ca2+-mediated osmotic and ionic perception

Songyu Pei et al.

Summary: A method to distinguish osmotic and ionic effects by analyzing Ca2+ increases has been developed, and it has been demonstrated that osca1 is primarily impaired in Ca2+ increases induced by osmotic stress. The findings of this study are important for understanding the specific Ca2+ signaling in response to different stimuli in plants.

NEW PHYTOLOGIST (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular pH sensing by plant cell-surface peptide-receptor complexes

Li Liu et al.

Summary: This study reveals that plant cell-surface peptide-receptor complexes can function as extracellular pH sensors, regulating plant growth and immunity. Acidic environment inhibits root meristem growth, while alkaline environment promotes immune response.
Article Cell Biology

A Ca2+-sensor switch for tolerance to elevated salt stress in Arabidopsis

Leonie Steinhorst et al.

Summary: Excessive Na+ in soils inhibits plant growth. This study found that Na+ stress triggers primary calcium signals in a specific cell group within the root differentiation zone of Arabidopsis, forming a sodium-sensing niche. The amplitude and speed of these calcium signals increase with rising Na+ concentrations, providing quantitative information about the stress intensity. The researchers also identified a Ca2+-sensing mechanism that measures the stress intensity and activates appropriate salt detoxification responses.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2022)

Article Plant Sciences

HKTsodium and potassium transporters inArabidopsis thalianaand related halophyte species

Akhtar Ali et al.

Summary: Plants cope with high salinity by limiting Na+ influx, compartmentalizing ions into vacuoles, exporting excess Na+ from cells, and distributing ions between aerial and root organs. Research on the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway and HKT1-type transporters in different species indicates that they use similar approaches to deal with salinity stress.

PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Recent progress in understanding salinity tolerance in plants: Story of Na+/K+ balance and beyond

Sadam Hussain et al.

Summary: High salt concentrations in the growth medium can hinder plant growth and development. Understanding the different components of the salt-tolerant network in plants is crucial for breeding salt-tolerant cultivars. In addition to regulating ion homeostasis, other salt tolerance mechanisms in plants include osmoregulation, cell wall remodeling, and antioxidative defense.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Dynamic changes of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate levels modulate H plus -ATPase and Na plus /H plus antiporter activities to maintain ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis under salt stress

Yongqing Yang et al.

Summary: Plant metabolites are dynamically modified and distributed in response to environmental changes. Maintaining ion homeostasis under salt stress requires coordinated activation of two types of central regulators: plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase and Na+/H+ antiporter. In this study, we identified phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) as key molecules in regulating ion homeostasis under salt stress in Arabidopsis.

MOLECULAR PLANT (2021)

Review Plant Sciences

Response Mechanisms of Plants Under Saline-Alkali Stress

Shumei Fang et al.

Summary: Studies on plant resistance mechanisms under salt-alkali mixed stress are relatively scarce compared to those on salt stress alone. However, the synergistic effects of high concentrations of salt and high pH can be more harmful to plant growth, making it crucial to research plant response to saline-alkali stress for sustainable agricultural development.

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14-3-3 Proteins and Other Candidates form Protein-Protein Interactions with the Cytosolic C-terminal End of SOS1 Affecting Its Transport Activity

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Salt Stress Signals on Demand: Cellular Events in the Right Context

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The FERONIA Receptor Kinase Maintains Cell-Wall Integrity during Salt Stress through Ca2+ Signaling

Wei Feng et al.

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