4.5 Review

A-to-I RNA editing by ADAR and its therapeutic applications: From viral infections to cancer immunotherapy

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Summary: ADAR1 is involved in A-to-I conversion in RNA, with two isoforms ADAR1p150 and ADAR1p110 expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus respectively. Mutations in ADAR1 cause Aicardi - Goutieres syndrome, while deletion of ADAR1p150 leads to embryonic lethality in mice. These findings highlight the critical role of ADAR1p150 in A-to-I editing.

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Summary: Adenosine to inosine editing (A-to-I) in regions of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) is mediated by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) or ADAR2. ADAR1 and A-to-I editing levels are increased in many human cancers. Increased expression of ADAR1 and A-to-I editing are likely consequences of tumor formation.

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ADAR1 masks the cancer immunotherapeutic promise of ZBP1-driven necroptosis

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Virus-specific editing identification approach reveals the landscape of A-to-I editing and its impacts on SARS-CoV-2 characteristics and evolution

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Summary: This study developed an editing identification pipeline specifically for RNA viruses and constructed an atlas of A-to-I RNA editing sites in SARS-CoV-2 from diverse samples. The findings showed that A-to-I editing was dynamically regulated, varied between tissue and cell types, and correlated with the intensity of innate immune response. Additionally, editing hotspots were observed, including recoding sites in the spike gene that affect viral infectivity and antigenicity. The study also provided evidence that RNA editing accelerated SARS-CoV-2 evolution in humans during the epidemic.

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RNA editing increases the nucleotide diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in human host cells

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Summary: In this study, a bioinformatic analysis of metatranscriptomic data from COVID-19 patients revealed numerous A-to-I RNA editing candidate sites in SARS-CoV-2. The enrichment of A-to-I RNA editing signals at these candidate sites was confirmed through various characteristics specific to RNA editing. These findings have critical implications in understanding the evolution of the virus and COVID-19 research, such as phylogenetic analysis and vaccine development.

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RNA binding by ADAR3 inhibits adenosine-to-inosine editing and promotes expression of immune response protein MAVS

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Summary: This study provides the first global view of ADAR3-bound RNAs in glioblastoma cells, revealing a role for ADAR3 in repressing ADAR1-mediated editing and an RNA-binding dependent function in regulating MAVS expression.

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ADAR1 mutation causes ZBP1-dependent immunopathology

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ADAR1 averts fatal type I interferon induction by ZBP1

Huipeng Jiao et al.

Summary: Mutations of the ADAR1 gene cause chronic activation of type I interferon responses, leading to severe diseases. The interaction between ADAR1 and another protein called ZBP1 prevents IFN activation. Deficiency or mutation of ZBP1's Z alpha domains reduces expression of IFN-stimulated genes and prevents early postnatal lethality in mice with mutated ADAR1 Z alpha domain.

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RNA editing underlies genetic risk of common inflammatory diseases

Qin Li et al.

Summary: The study reveals that ADAR-mediated RNA editing may be an important mechanism underlying genetic variants associated with common inflammatory diseases, with disease risk variants associated with reduced editing of cellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and induction of interferon responses and inflammation. This suggests that cellular dsRNA editing and sensing could be an underappreciated mechanism of common inflammatory diseases.

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ADAR1 prevents autoinflammation by suppressing spontaneous ZBP1 activation

Richard de Reuver et al.

Summary: The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 plays an important role in limiting the accumulation of immunostimulatory dsRNA. Reduced ADAR1 activity can lead to severe inflammatory diseases, while complete loss of ADAR1 activity is embryonically lethal and causes autoinflammation. ADAR1 not only prevents overactivation of MDA5 and PKR, but also inhibits the spontaneous activation of ZBP1.

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Summary: Modified RNA, through adenosine-to-inosine editing, can avoid detection by RNA sensors in the innate immune system. Lack of RNA editing can trigger inflammatory responses and contribute to the development of autoinflammatory diseases. Understanding the signaling pathways involved may uncover potential targets for drug discovery.

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Summary: Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) play crucial roles in RNA editing, changing the genetic information in RNA sequences by converting adenosine to inosine, leading to molecular and phenotypic diversity. Loss of ADARs results in lethality in mice and behavioral phenotypes in worm and fly model systems.

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Summary: ADAR1 editing of adenosines to inosines in cellular dsRNA prevents aberrant activation of antiviral sensors and IFN induction in AGS encephalopathy. Recent studies showed that Adar1 Z alpha domain-mutant mice exhibit abnormal MDA5 and PKR activation, leading to encephalopathy, with short Z-RNA patches in cellular dsRNA playing a crucial role in causing aberrant antiviral responses.

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Rajendra Karki et al.

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Decoupling expression and editing preferences of ADAR1 p150 and p110 isoforms

Tony Sun et al.

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Adenosine-to-inosine editing of endogenous Z-form RNA by the deaminase ADAR1 prevents spontaneous MAVS-dependent type I interferon responses

Qiannan Tang et al.

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