Factors affecting the occupancy of sloth bear and its detection probability in Parsa-Koshi Complex, Nepal

Understanding factors associated with coexistence of human and wildlife in human-dominated landscapes is crucial for effective species conservation. Among the wildlife species, the sloth bears Melursus ursinus are found both inside and outside the protected areas of Nepal, and with increasing cases of human and bear conflicts in both areas. This highlights the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of anthropogenic and ecological factors that affect the occurrence of sloth bear. The understanding of these factors is important for its coexistence and conservation in human-dominated areas through establishing management and conservation action plan. We studied the sloth bear's occupancy and their coexistence in human-dominated environments with other large predators in the Parsa-Koshi Complex of Nepal using camera traps from December 2022 to March 2023. We identified the occupancy and detection probability of the sloth bear as 0.12 and 0.31, respectively. Our analysis reveals a positive relationship between sloth bear occurrence and the presence of large predators (beta predators = 3.104 +/- 0.968), such as tigers (Panthera tigris) and leopards (Panthera pardus), as well as the number of humans detected (beta human = 1.428 +/- 1.216) and canopy cover percentage (beta cc = 1.002 +/- 0.737). However, the number of livestock detected shows a negative interaction with the occurrence of sloth bears (beta livestock = -2.240 +/- 1.467). There was insignificant interaction between sloth bear occupancy and distance to human settlements, roads, and water bodies. These findings underscore the complex dynamics between sloth bears, humans, large predators, and livestock in human-dominated landscapes. To ensure the long-term survival of sloth bear populations and promote species conservation, comprehensive conservation strategies that account for both ecological and socio-economic factors are essential.

Automated summary

The study conducted in the Parsa-Koshi Complex of Nepal revealed the complex dynamics between sloth bears, humans, large predators, and livestock in human-dominated landscapes. Sloth bear occurrence was positively associated with the presence of large predators, number of humans detected, and canopy cover percentage, while being negatively related to the number of livestock detected. Comprehensive conservation strategies that take into account ecological and socio-economic factors are crucial for ensuring the long-term survival of sloth bear populations and promoting species conservation.