The diversity of animals identified as keystone species

Although the keystone species concept was conceived of over 50 years ago, contemporary efforts to synthesize related literature have been limited. Our objective was to create a list of keystone animal species identified in the literature and to examine the variation in the traits of species and the ecosystem influences they elicit. We documented 230 species considered keystones. A clustering analysis classified them into five archetypes based on combinations of their taxonomic class, body size, trophic level, and role (consumers, modifiers, or prey). Although conservation and public perception of keystones primarily focuses on large vertebrate consumers, our analysis reveals that researchers have defined a wide diversity of keystone species, with large variation in associated ecosystem processes. Future research may confront ambiguity in the definition of keystone status, as well as clarify the type, abundance, and quality of data required to assign the term. Identifying keystones with increased rigor would not only enrich the literature but also inform intervention to safeguard threatened keystones and their associated influences on ecosystems.

Automated summary

This study aimed to create a list of keystone animal species and examine their characteristics and influences on ecosystems. The findings reveal that large vertebrate consumers are only a fraction of the identified keystone species, and researchers have defined a wide variety of keystone species with significant variations in associated ecosystem processes. Future research should clarify the definition of keystone status and determine the type, abundance, and quality of data required for identification.