The relevance of NMDA receptor antibody-specific index for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

The clinical implications of the presence of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-specific intrathecal immunoglobulin G synthesis and whether it determines the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis have not been thoroughly investigated yet. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the detection of intrathecal anti-NMDAR-specific IgG synthesis contributes to the diagnostic confirmation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, to disease severity, and to prognosis in patients with positive serum anti-NMDAR-IgG. In this study, patients with detectable anti-NMDAR IgG in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were included and separated into two groups that either met the 2016 criteria by Graus et al. of definite anti-NMDAR encephalitis (n = 27) or did not (n = 15). In a total, of 80 paired CSF/serum samples, antibody titers were titrated manually and end-point titer levels were carefully determined in a blinded manner to the subgroup attribution. The disease course was assessed via the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and prognosis was estimated by the anti-NMDAR Encephalitis One-Year Functional Status (NEOS) score. With respect to whether the diagnostic Graus criteria for definite anti-NMDAR encephalitis were fulfilled, a significantly unequal distribution of intrathecal anti-NMDAR antibody-specific synthesis could be shown with a high negative predictive value in case of a negative anti-NMDAR antibody-specific index (NMDAR AI, p = .008. OR = 23.9, sensitivity = 1.0, specificity = 0.4, negative predictive value = 1). A weak correlation was found between the CSF antibody titer and mRS value at the time of sample collection (r(s) = .37, p = .008, 95% CI [.09, .59]). During the disease course a higher delta-mRS value formed of the mRS at initial presentation minus that at the last recorded presentation correlated with a higher NMDAR AI at first lumbar puncture (r(s) = - .56, p = .017, 95% CI [- .83, - .11]). No association with the prognostic NEOS score was found. In conclusion, a negative antibody-specific index for anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies has a highly negative predictive value for the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Yet, a positive NMDAR AI alone does not allow the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Automated summary

The presence of intrathecal anti-NMDAR-specific IgG synthesis can contribute to the diagnostic confirmation of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, but a positive NMDAR AI alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis. A negative antibody-specific index for anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies has a highly negative predictive value for the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.