☆ 4.6 Review

Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Soft Magnetic Materials: A Review

MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Evaluation of 3D-Printed Magnetic Materials For Additively-Manufactured Electrical Machines

Ahmed Selema et al.

Summary: Nowadays, surpassing conventional 2D laminated structures is crucial for enhancing the functionality of electrical machines in the design process. Additive manufacturing (AM) provides unparalleled 3D freedom for processing metal-based materials, optimizing weight and cost effectiveness. This study focuses on 3D printing and testing of ferromagnetic material. Different parts are built using silicon steel (Fe-3wt%Si) powder through various AM techniques, and their magnetic properties are measured and compared. The results demonstrate the potential of AM technology in manufacturing magnetic materials, as well as the good magnetic properties achieved from the 3D printed samples. The study also highlights the possibilities of 3D multi-material printing for electrical machines.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Improving the soft magnetic properties of binder jet printed iron-silicon alloy through boron addition

Geeta Kumari et al.

Summary: This study investigates the microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe-Si-B alloys with different Si and B contents. It is found that the Fe-5wt.%Si alloy with 0.25% B sintered at 1200 degrees C exhibits the highest magnetic relative permeability (4447) and the lowest intrinsic coercivity (47.8 A/m).

MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Additive Manufacturing of 3D Anatomical Models-Review of Processes, Materials and Applications

Magdalena Zukowska et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing methods for anatomical models are widely used in medical practice for physician support, education, and treatment planning. This review paper outlines the commonly used methodologies from medical imaging to obtaining functional physical models, including materials and technologies used to imitate specific organs and tissues. The study highlights the growing popularity of attempting to imitate soft tissues using low-cost 3D printing and plastic casting techniques.

MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Engineering, Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing: expanding 3D printing horizon in industry 4.0

Gaurav Prashar et al.

Summary: Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology enables the production of personalized goods at reduced costs and shorter lead times, making it a leading technology. It can be used for fabricating complex parts and reducing inventory, while also shortening supply chains. According to predictions, the AM market will generate products worth $2 trillion by 2030.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERACTIVE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING - IJIDEM (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Origin of hard magnetism in Fe-Co-Ni-Al-Ti-Cu high-entropy alloy: Chemical shape anisotropy

Hongyu Chen et al.

Summary: This study investigates the origin of appealing hard magnetic properties in non-equiatomic magnetic high-entropy alloys through detailed microstructural and chemical analysis. The results show that the as-cast alloy has a hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure with nano-arrays enriched or depleted with ferromagnetic element. The aspect ratio and elemental concentration of the nano-arrays can be manipulated by magnetic annealing, significantly enhancing the coercivity.

ACTA MATERIALIA (2023)

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Review Energy & Fuels

Maximizing Energy Efficiency in Additive Manufacturing: A Review and Framework for Future Research

Gokan May et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing (AM) provides unique capabilities in design freedom and customization, but energy efficiency remains a challenge. This paper reviews current research on energy efficiency in AM, addressing challenges, opportunities, and future directions. The lack of standardization in energy consumption measurement and reporting makes it difficult to evaluate and compare energy performance. A holistic framework is proposed to address energy efficiency throughout the AM process life cycle, highlighting the importance of design optimization, material selection, control systems, and energy management strategies. Further research is needed on process parameter interactions and the integration of renewable energy sources. This review provides valuable insights for academics and industry professionals, emphasizing the need for standardized methodologies and energy management to enhance competitiveness and sustainability in modern manufacturing.

ENERGIES (2023)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Design of an Experimental Approach for Characterization and Performance Analysis of High-Frequency Transformer Core Materials

Daniel van Niekerk et al.

Summary: This study proposes an experimental approach to compare the efficiency performance of different core material types in high-frequency transformers. By comparing newly produced core materials with a known type, their performance can be rapidly analyzed, enabling the identification of improved core material design.

ENERGIES (2023)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Is Additive Manufacturing an Environmentally and Economically Preferred Alternative for Mass Production?

Sangjin Jung et al.

Summary: The manufacturing sector's energy use and greenhouse gas emissions are significant, and there is interest in using additive manufacturing (AM) to reduce environmental impacts. However, high production costs and increased energy use and material waste in high-volume production limit AM's viability as an alternative to traditional manufacturing. Comparative studies show that AM is environmentally and economically preferable in low production volumes or for parts with high material waste. Improving AM's cost and energy intensity, production speed, and design software are necessary for its wider adoption in mass manufacturing.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Macromagnetic Approach to the Modeling in Time Domain of Magnetic Losses of Ring Cores of Soft Ferrites in Power Electronics

Hari Prasad Rimal et al.

Summary: This article introduces a new modeling approach for predicting Eddy current losses in soft ferrite cores based on the winding current. The proposed model defines the magnetic core as a repeated regular structure of magnetic material grains and grain boundary in the time domain, avoiding the need for material homogenization. The distribution of current density and core losses are computed using physical and geometric parameters, and an optimization procedure is formulated to address the uncertainty in parameter definition. The model's performance is evaluated through experiments with a power amplifier and a dc-dc converter over a wide frequency range.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Effects of metallurgical defects on magnetic properties of SLM NiFeMo permalloy

Jiaoxi Yang et al.

Summary: Metallurgical defects have a significant impact on the performance of materials fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) and are a bottleneck problem in the application of laser 3D printing technology. This study investigates the effect of metallurgical defects on the magnetic properties of SLM NiFeMo permalloy through in-depth characterization of microstructure and phase composition. The results show that the micro-defects of SLM NiFeMo alloy mainly consist of lack of fusion, pores, etc., and the phase composition is mainly gamma- (Ni, Fe) solid solution. Increasing the laser volume energy density increases the saturation magnetic induction (Bs) and permeability (mu m) of the material, while decreasing the coercivity (Hc) and permeability (Pu). The equivalent diameter of the defects positively correlates with the coercivity (Hc) and negatively correlates with the saturation magnetic induction (Bs) of NiFeMo permalloy.

MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (2023)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Effect of chromium variation on evolution of magnetic properties in laser direct energy additively processed CoCrxFeNi alloys

M. Radhakrishnan et al.

Summary: The soft magnetic behavior of CoCrxFeNi alloys deposited by laser directed energy deposition was studied. It was found that the saturation magnetization of these alloys decreased with increasing Cr content and exhibited paramagnetic behavior at room temperature. The Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic CoFeNi alloy linearly decreased with Cr content, while the paramagnetic equiatomic alloy had a ferromagnetic transition temperature of 94 K. The as-deposited alloys showed low coercivity values irrespective of the Cr content. The results suggest that the magnetic behavior of the CoFeNi alloy can be tuned with the addition of antiferromagnetic Cr, and the additive manufacturing route is effective for rapidly processing alloys with desired compositions.

SCRIPTA MATERIALIA (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Corrosion Resistance of GMAW Duplex Stainless Steels Welds

Argelia Fabiola Miranda-Perez et al.

Summary: The hydrocarbon industry needs a better understanding of stainless-steel welding metallurgy, particularly in the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Corrosion is a significant issue in welding, and this study found that the corrosion properties of duplex stainless steels are strongly influenced by the heat input during welding. The best corrosion properties were observed with higher heat input.

MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Effect of Particle Size Distribution on the Printing Quality and Tensile Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Produced by LPBF Process

Muhan Xue et al.

Summary: Investigated the effect of different particle size distributions on the print quality and mechanical properties of LPBF-processed Ti-6Al-4V. Results showed that with proper parameter adjustment, coarse powders can achieve high-quality printing and low surface roughness. By using coarser powders and higher layer thickness, high-quality Ti-6Al-4V parts can be produced.

METALS (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Magnetocaloric Effect, Structure, Spinodal Decomposition and Phase Transformations Heusler Alloy Ni-Mn-In

D. D. Kuznetsov et al.

Summary: The Ni46Mn41In13 (close to 2-1-1 system) Heusler alloy was investigated through magnetization measurement at varying temperatures and magnetic fields. The magnetocaloric effect was found to have a maximum increment T-ad of -4.2 K at a temperature of 212 K and a magnetic field of 10 T during the martensitic transformation. The alloy's structure was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and revealed concentration stratification occurring through spinodal decomposition into nanoscale regions, along with the presence of martensitic and austenitic phases depending on temperature and sample thickness.

NANOMATERIALS (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Direct Energy Depositions of a 17-4 PH Stainless Steel: Geometrical and Microstructural Characterizations

Cindy Morales et al.

Summary: Direct energy deposition (DED) is a widely accepted additive manufacturing process that offers high flexibility in fabricating new 3D parts and serves as a potential alternative to subtractive manufacturing processes. This study investigated the effects of different process parameters on the geometrical features, quality, microstructure, and microhardness of 17-4 PH stainless steel single tracks deposited onto an AISI 316L stainless steel substrate using DED. The results showed that the optimal geometrical features and microstructural properties were achieved with the highest laser energy input.

COATINGS (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Texture and Magnetic Property of Fe-6.5 wt % Si Steel Strip with Cu-Rich Particles Modification

Di Zhang et al.

Summary: Based on rapid solidification technology, Cu is incorporated into soft magnetic materials to achieve grain refinement. Cu dosage not only refines the average grain size to 8.7 µm but also improves the continuity and consistency of Fe-6.5 wt % Si steel strip. This is mainly attributed to Cu-rich particles precipitating at the grain boundary, which inhibit grain growth and improve magnetic and mechanical properties. The addition of 1.5 wt % Cu results in excellent magnetic properties and about 11% failure plastic deformation for the steel strip. This technology also has reference value for modifying the mechanical and magnetic properties of other metal materials.

ACS OMEGA (2023)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The effect of heat treatment on structure and magnetic properties of additively manufactured Fe-Co-V alloys

Tuomas Riipinen et al.

Summary: PBF-LB processed Fe-Co-V alloys with different annealing temperatures and times exhibited different microstructure and magnetic properties, with the addition of Nb resulting in a more homogeneous grain structure and smaller average grain size. The magnetic performance of both alloys improved with longer annealing times, but the optimal annealing temperatures were different for Alloy1 and Alloy2.

MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Magnetic Soft Materials and Robots

Yoonho Kim et al.

Summary: This review discusses recent progress in the design and fabrication, modeling and simulation, and actuation and control of magnetic soft materials and robots. Design guidelines for optimal actuation performance are provided, as well as potential biomedical applications and perspectives on next-generation magnetic soft robots.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Metal Additive Manufacturing for Electrical Machines: Technology Review and Latest Advancements

Ahmed Selema et al.

Summary: Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has seen significant growth in recent years, thanks to its unmatched flexibility and material efficiency. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of metal AM techniques and their advantages in the fabrication and application of electrical machines.

ENERGIES (2022)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Emerging Opportunities in Manufacturing Bulk Soft-Magnetic Alloys for Energy Applications: A Review

Andrew B. Kustas et al.

Summary: Soft-magnetic alloys have exceptional functional properties and are widely used in electromagnetic applications. Traditional manufacturing methods have been well-established, but recent developments in process metallurgy have allowed for the direct production of bulk soft-magnetic alloys with improved structure-property relationships. This review provides an overview of emerging manufacturing approaches for soft-magnetic alloys, including severe plastic deformation, melt spinning, powder-based methods, and additive manufacturing, and compares them with conventional methods. Future research directions and perspectives are also discussed.

JOM (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Recrystallization and Grain Growth of AISI 904L Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel: A Multivariate Regression Approach

Giulia Stornelli et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the evolution of microstructure and hardness values in AISI 904L stainless steel after cold rolling and subsequent annealing, aiming to optimize the thermomechanical treatment conditions and improve production efficiency. The results show that for lower treatment temperatures, partial recrystallization occurs, while for higher temperatures, full recrystallization can be achieved in a short time. Grain growth behavior is independent of the reduction ratio and shows a linear trend with soaking time. The statistical analysis reveals that temperature and soaking time have more significant effects on hardness values compared to the reduction ratio.

METALS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

The Field Guide to 3D Printing in Optical Microscopy for Life Sciences

Mario Del Rosario et al.

Summary: The maker movement has brought 3D printing technology into optics labs, revolutionizing the field by improving accessibility and allowing rapid, low-cost prototyping. This approach fosters collaboration among researchers and promotes democratization of technology, extending the open-access concept from knowledge to technology.

ADVANCED BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Laser Additively Manufactured Magnetic Core Design and Process for Electrical Machine Applications

Hans Tiismus et al.

Summary: This paper explores the workflow, parameter tuning, and shape optimization of laser additive manufacturing magnetic cores, demonstrating their superior magnetic properties compared to soft magnetic composites. The sample with bi-directional grading achieves low core losses.

ENERGIES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Effects of processing parameters and heat treatment on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the in-situ synthesized Fe-Ni permalloy produced using direct energy deposition

Eun Seong Kim et al.

Summary: This study investigated the correlations between heat treatment and the microstructure and magnetic properties of in situ alloyed Fe-50%Ni samples. The results showed that short-time heat treatment could significantly improve the magnetic properties of the samples, resulting in higher magnetization, coercivity, and curie temperature. Additionally, heat treatment caused changes in grain size, micro hardness, and internal residual stresses.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

When AI meets additive manufacturing: Challenges and emerging opportunities for human-centered products development

Chenang Liu et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the latest research on human-centered additive manufacturing (AM) in the context of human therapy and assistance, and discusses the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in AM product development. The research shows that the application of AI in design, fabrication, and assessment stages brings new opportunities for cost-effective development of human-centered products in AM.

JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Mechanical and magnetic properties of soft magnetic Fe-Ni permalloy produced by directed energy deposition processes

Eun Seong Kim et al.

Summary: This study investigates the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and magnetic properties of Fe-50%Ni alloy fabricated using the directed energy deposition additive manufacturing process. The samples, with high relative density and homogeneous microstructures, demonstrate good mechanical performance and high magnetic properties.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (2022)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Properties and applications of additively manufactured metallic cellular materials: A review

Anton du Plessis et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing method that builds a part directly in its final or near-final geometry by incrementally adding material layer by layer. Metal AM has been widely adopted and matured in the industry. Lattice structures, with complex geometries, have the potential to be fine-tuned for specific applications in terms of mechanical performance, permeability, thermal properties, etc. As metal AM techniques and design capabilities improve, new application possibilities and new products and features are being realized.

PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE (2022)

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Review Materials Science, Ceramics

Advances in 3D printing of magnetic materials: Fabrication, properties, and their applications

Xiangxia Wei et al.

Summary: Magnetic materials play an increasingly important role in various applications, but their fabrication is constrained by simple geometric shapes. However, the advent of 3D printing technology opens up opportunities for constructing magnetic materials with greater shape flexibility, reducing post-manufacturing costs. This review focuses on the recent achievements of 3D-printed magnetic materials, their magnetic properties, and functional applications in different fields.

JOURNAL OF ADVANCED CERAMICS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Additive Manufacturing of Soft Ferromagnetic Fe 6.5%Si Annular Cores: Process Parameters, Microstructure, and Magnetic Properties

Meher Zaied et al.

Summary: This study investigates the effects of LBM machine parameters on the microstructure and magnetic properties of high silicon steel. The influence of normalized energy density on material density, grain size, crystallographic texture, and magnetic properties (magnetic flux density and coercivity) is particularly examined.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

MIM-like additive manufacturing of Fe3%Si magnetic materials

Vincent Martin et al.

Summary: This study investigates an additive manufacturing technique using Fe3%Si magnetic materials to build complex geometries. The technique allows for the production of green parts with complex shapes, which are then densified through debinding and sintering steps. The magnetic characterization shows high magnetic induction and relative permeability.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Lessons learnt-additive manufacturing of iron cobalt based soft magnetic materials

Tomi Lindroos et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing technologies have revolutionized the design of electrical machines by allowing for enhanced performance, lower material consumption, and cost reduction. This study presents the lessons learned from laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) manufacturing of optimized soft magnetic cores, including powder production, process parameter optimization, and the effect of heat treatment on magnetic properties. The major challenge lies in mitigating eddy current losses, which can be significantly reduced through material composition and structural modifications.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Civil

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) 3D printing thin overhang walls of permalloy for a modified honeycomb magnetic-shield structure

Bo Li et al.

THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Investigation of Soft Magnetic Material Fe-6.5Si Fracture Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

Anton V. Agapovichev et al.

Summary: By investigating the preparation process of Fe-6.5Si steel, it was found that cracks may still occur even under the optimal conditions, and carbon content was detected near the crack boundaries. The formation of cracks may be related to the presence of Fe3C, changes in temperature fields, and substance migration.

MATERIALS (2022)

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Review Polymer Science

On the Evolution of Additive Manufacturing (3D/4D Printing) Technologies: Materials, Applications, and Challenges

Ayyaz Mahmood et al.

Summary: Three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) printing technologies have seen tremendous growth over the last few decades and are now widely used in various industries. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed for these technologies to advance further.

POLYMERS (2022)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of Ni-based superalloys: a review of the main microstructural constituents and characterization techniques

Michael P. Haines et al.

Summary: Metal additive manufacturing has enabled the production of complex Ni-based superalloy parts with reduced waste and lower costs. Understanding the microstructural evolution during the manufacturing process is crucial for identifying material properties and heat treatment requirements.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: A NEW CONCEPT FOR END USERS. THE CASE OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Andrea Di Schino et al.

Summary: Metal additive manufacturing is growing rapidly, although it is currently slower and less reliable than traditional production methods. However, it has shown great success in producing unconventional topologies or small quantities of parts. This paper presents examples of magnetic materials specifically designed for additive manufacturing and investigates the microstructural and texture evolution of these materials after annealing heat treatment.

ACTA METALLURGICA SLOVACA (2022)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Crystallographic-orientation-dependent magnetic properties of Fe-Ni permalloy in-situ alloyed using additive manufacturing

Farahnaz Haftlang et al.

Summary: The present study focuses on improving the magnetic properties of in-situ synthesized Fe-Ni permalloy by engineering the predominant crystallographic texture. Two-step production approach consisting of crystallographic texture-engineered laser-based in situ alloying additive manufacturing and short-time heat treatment is an efficient route for enhancing the magnetic performance of soft magnetic materials.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Polymer Science

Theoretical Modeling of Magnetoactive Elastomers on Different Scales: A State-of-the-Art Review

Timur A. Nadzharyan et al.

Summary: This review presents the latest theoretical advances in understanding magnetomechanical effects and phenomena observed in magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs), which are polymer networks filled with magnetic micro- and/or nanoparticles, under external magnetic fields. Theoretical modeling on various spatial scales is discussed, ranging from the behavior of individual magnetic particles in an elastic medium to the overall mechanical properties of an MAE sample. The review demonstrates how theoretical models enable qualitative and quantitative interpretation of experimental results and highlights the limitations and challenges of current approaches, as well as the most promising lines of research in this area.

POLYMERS (2022)

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Article Computer Science, Information Systems

Design and Performance of Laser Additively Manufactured Core Induction Motor

Hans Tiismus et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing of functional electromagnetic components has become a promising research area in the past decade. This method allows for fast and flexible prototyping and introduces new design rules. This work presents the process of creating a prototype induction motor with 3D printed electrical steel cores, including design, printing, post-processing, assembly, and performance evaluation. The efficiency of the finished motor is about 2/3 of conventional machines of the same size and type, suggesting further optimization is needed.

IEEE ACCESS (2022)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

HEAT TREATMENT EFFECT ON MARAGING STEEL MANUFACTURED BY LASER POWDER BED FUSION TECHNOLOGY: MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Giulia Stornelli et al.

Summary: This research analyzed the heat treatment effect on 300-grade maraging steel manufactured by L-PBF process, identifying the optimal ageing conditions and the significant impact of ageing hardening treatment on hardness and strength.

ACTA METALLURGICA SLOVACA (2021)

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Review Energy & Fuels

Additive Manufacturing and Topology Optimization of Magnetic Materials for Electrical Machines-A Review

Thang Pham et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing offers advantages in medical, aerospace, and automotive applications by providing flexibility and cost-effectiveness for manufacturing complex geometries. Topology optimization explores the optimal distribution of materials within a design space, leading to unique shapes that conventional optimization techniques cannot achieve. Successful integration of additive manufacturing and topology optimization can create new tools for machine designers in fabricating magnetic components for electrical machines.

ENERGIES (2021)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Hard magnetic properties of FeCoNiAlCuXTiX based high entropy alloys

Suok-Min Na et al.

Summary: High entropy alloys (HEA) with multiple principal alloying elements exhibit unique properties due to high configurational entropy and lattice strain. The addition of Cu/Ti to FeCoNiAl-based HEAs enhances coercivity but reduces saturation magnetization. Fe2CoNiAlCu0.4Ti0.4 HEA shows promising hard magnetic properties as an isotropic cast magnet, slightly outperforming Alnico 2 magnets, with the ability to improve saturation magnetization by adjusting the Fe and Co ratio compared to other alloying elements.

AIP ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Study on a new high-entropy alloy Nd20Pr20La20Fe20Co10Al10 with hard magnetic properties

Xiaomeng Feng et al.

Summary: In this study, a hard magnetic Nd20Pr20La20Fe20Co10Al10 HEA alloy was designed and prepared, showing slightly lower coercivity and saturation magnetization compared to another amorphous alloy, but higher elasticity modulus. The microstructure of the alloy was analyzed using SEM and TEM, revealing two types of amorphous phases with different compositions and nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous matrix.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2021)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Superparamagnetic nanoarchitectures: Multimodal functionalities and applications

Nurettin Sezer et al.

Summary: Bulk magnetic materials have multidomain structure, but at the nanoscale, single domain magnetic crystals displaying superparamagnetic behavior with strong magnetization can be obtained. By manipulating the physical, chemical, and biological properties of superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) through surface modification, versatile nanoplatforms with exciting tunable characteristics and multimodal functionalities for diverse applications can be created. This systematic review article provides valuable insights into the capabilities and applications of SPMNPs in biomedical, environmental, energy, and mechanical fields.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Soft-magnetic behavior of laser beam melted FeSi3 alloy with graded cross-section

Anatolii Andreiev et al.

Summary: Laser beam melting of rotors made of soft-magnetic iron-silicon-based alloys with a graded cross-section shows potential for reducing power losses during operation of electric motors. By designing and implementing a novel approach to control the slit geometry in the laser beam melted FeSi3 alloy, researchers have demonstrated a reduction in power losses and a potential improvement in rotor performance. This study highlights the importance of proper design and accurate control of slit geometry in parts with graded cross-section for enhancing the efficiency of electric motors.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

FeSiBCrC amorphous magnetic powder fabricated by gas-water combined atomization

Tongchun Zhao et al.

Summary: Amorphous soft magnetic composites with nearly spherical particles and low coercivity can be effectively prepared using gas-water combined atomization process, showing superior magnetic properties compared to powders produced by gas atomization and water atomization.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Amorphization of thin supermalloy films Ni79Fe17Mo4 with oxygen during magnetron sputtering

S. S. Maklakov et al.

Summary: Reactive sputtering of permalloy typically reduces crystallite size in films at low concentrations of reactive gas, improving magnetic properties. However, high oxygen concentration leads to oxidation in supermalloy, affecting parameters such as coercivity and resistivity. The balance between grain size, surface structure, disordering of atomic structure, and internal stresses determines the evolution of magnetic properties with increasing oxygen concentration.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Advances in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Common Processes, Industrial Applications, and Current Challenges

Ana Vafadar et al.

Summary: The study provides a comprehensive review of the common metal AM technologies, explores advancements and industrial applications, and outlines current limitations and challenges. It aims to serve as a benchmark for future industrial applications and research and development projects to help industries select a suitable AM technology for their application.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Material Design for Low-Loss Non-Oriented Electrical Steel for Energy Efficient Drives

Nora Leuning et al.

Summary: The study explores the correlations between magnetization behavior, iron loss, and the most relevant material parameters for non-oriented electrical steels by producing 21 final material states using laboratory-produced iron-based electrical steels. It deduces a tailor-made material and discusses the influence of different steel grades in the context of an exemplary e-mobility application.

MATERIALS (2021)

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Review Energy & Fuels

A Review on Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for Electrical Machines

Muhammad Usman Naseer et al.

Summary: This paper discusses current research trends and prospects of utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to manufacture electrical machines, highlighting the advantages of AM in providing design flexibility to achieve high performance parameters, as well as pointing out the limitations of existing techniques in large-scale production. It also explores the potential for machine types that can best utilize developments in the field of AM.

ENERGIES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Grain Refinement and Improved Mechanical Properties of EUROFER97 by Thermo-Mechanical Treatments

Giulia Stornelli et al.

Summary: EUROFER97 steel plates for nuclear fusion applications are typically manufactured by hot rolling and subsequent heat treatments to improve strength without sacrificing ductility. Experimental results showed that heat treatment at 650℃ results in increased strength and comparable ductility in the steel plates.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Reducing coercivity by chemical ordering in additively manufactured soft magnetic Fe-Co (Hiperco) alloys

M. S. K. K. Y. Nartu et al.

Summary: BCC Fe-Co alloys are important soft magnetic materials, but processing challenges arise due to the formation of hardening ordered B2 phase. Additive manufacturing technologies, such as laser engineered net shaping, can control the extent of B2 ordering, thus affecting the magnetic properties of the alloys.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Properties of Additively Manufactured Electric Steel Powder Cores with Increased Si Content

Giulia Stornelli et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the best laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) printing conditions for FeSi steels with different Si content, demonstrating strict processing window parameters and promising magnetic behavior for FeSi6.5 samples. Improvement in the printing process could lead to application in specific fields requiring complex geometries.

MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Structural Transformations and Mechanical Properties of Metastable Austenitic Steel under High Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment

Igor Litovchenko et al.

Summary: The effect of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment on the AISI 321 type metastable austenitic steel was investigated. The treatment resulted in grain refinement, increase in strength properties, and changes in grain boundaries. The mechanisms of plastic deformation and strengthening were discussed.

METALS (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Emerging 3D printing technologies for drug delivery devices: Current status and future perspective

Jiawei Wang et al.

Summary: With the advancement of additive manufacturing technology, 3D printed drug delivery medical devices have gained popularity for their customizable design, intricate structure, and personalized medication. Challenges remain in regulatory issues, scalability, and cost-effectiveness despite remarkable progress made by AM techniques.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Additive manufacturing of NiZnCu-ferrite soft magnetic composites

Caleb E. Andrews et al.

Summary: Soft magnetic composites (SMCs) have the potential to create lighter and more efficient electronic devices by combining magnetically conductive cores and insulating coatings. Through additive manufacturing processes, a multi-material system incorporating different materials can be used to manufacture SMCs with higher permeability, but new challenges must be overcome.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

High-temperature strength-coercivity balance in a FeCo-based soft magnetic alloy via magnetic nanoprecipitates

Kaisheng Ming et al.

Summary: The combination of high strength, ductility, and low coercivity in soft magnetic alloys can be achieved by introducing high-density magnetic nanoprecipitates.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Review of Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing for Metals

Leila Ladani et al.

Summary: Additive manufacturing, particularly in the production of metallic parts, has gained much attention in recent years. Powder bed technology, utilizing electron or laser beams to melt and fuse powder particles line by line, is currently the main technology used by many companies. However, there are still many scientific questions to be answered and areas for improvement in this emerging technology.

METALS (2021)

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Review Engineering, Manufacturing

A market assessment of additive manufacturing potential for the aerospace industry

Sadettin Cem Altiparmak et al.

Summary: Additive Manufacturing, or 3D printing, is a layer-by-layer material deposition process that is well-suited for creating lightweight, cost-efficient, and unique geometry components for the aerospace industry. Aerospace industry holds a significant market share in the global AM market and is expected to continue to be a major contributor in this rapidly changing and competitive market.

JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Superior tensile properties of 1%C-CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy additively manufactured by selective laser melting

Jeong Min Park et al.

MATERIALS RESEARCH LETTERS (2020)

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Review Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

High power density technologies for large generators and motors for marine applications with focus on electrical insulation challenges

Mona Ghassemi

HIGH VOLTAGE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Magnetic properties of Fe-Ni permalloy produced by selective laser melting

A. K. Mazeeva et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Giant magnetoimpedance in rapidly quenched materials

A. Zhukov et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Additively manufactured Ni-15Fe-5Mo Permalloy via selective laser melting and subsequent annealing for magnetic-shielding structures: Process, microstructural and soft-magnetic characteristics

Bo Li et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2020)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Evolution and recent developments of 80%Ni permalloys

T. Waeckerle et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Maintenance of the Austenite/Ferrite Ratio Balance in GTAW DSS Joints Through Process Parameters Optimization

Bryan R. Rodriguez et al.

MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Additive manufacturing of functionally graded Co-Fe and Ni-Fe magnetic materials

Varun Chaudhary et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2020)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Additive manufacturing of magnetic materials

V. Chaudhary et al.

PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A novel ultrafine-grained high entropy alloy with excellent combination of mechanical and soft magnetic properties

Chen Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of AISI 316 Stainless Steel Clad Q235 Plate

Andrea Di Schino et al.

METALS (2020)

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Article Physics, Condensed Matter

Influence of Al substitution for Sc on thermodynamic properties of HCP high entropy alloy Hf0.25Ti0.25Zr0.25Sc0.25-xAlx from first-principles investigation

Guo-Yong Gan et al.

PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Heat Treatment Effect on Microstructure Evolution in a 7% Cr Steel for Forging

Andrea Di Schino et al.

METALS (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Magnetic and mechanical properties of an additively manufactured equiatomic CoFeNi complex concentrated alloy

M. S. K. K. Y. Nartu et al.

SCRIPTA MATERIALIA (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Effect of particle size distribution on the packing of powder beds: A critical discussion relevant to additive manufacturing

Alessandro Averardi et al.

MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Additive manufacturing of soft magnets for electrical machines - a review

T. N. Lamichhane et al.

MATERIALS TODAY PHYSICS (2020)

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Review Engineering, Multidisciplinary

A review on magneto-mechanical characterizations of magnetorheological elastomers

Anil K. Bastola et al.

COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Novel phase decomposition, good soft-magnetic and mechanical properties for high-entropy (Fe0.25Co0.25Ni0.25Cr0.125Mn0.125)100-xBx (x=9-13) amorphous alloys

C. C. Zhao et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Magnetic Materials and Systems: Domain Structure Visualization and Other Characterization Techniques for the Application in the Materials Science and Biomedicine

Roberto Nistico et al.

INORGANICS (2020)

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Article Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications

Computational study on microstructure evolution and magnetic property of laser additively manufactured magnetic materials

Min Yi et al.

COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS (2019)

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Review Engineering, Civil

Metal 3D printing in construction: A review of methods, research, applications, opportunities and challenges

C. Buchanan et al.

ENGINEERING STRUCTURES (2019)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Review of Fe-6.5 wt%Si high silicon steel-A promising soft magnetic material for sub-kHz application

Gaoyuan Ouyang et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The Potential of Additive Manufacturing in the Smart Factory Industrial 4.0: A Review

Mehrshad Mehrpouya et al.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2019)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Review: The Impact of Metal Additive Manufacturing on the Aerospace Industry

Shahir Mohd Yusuf et al.

METALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Study on phase formation in magnetic FeCoNiMnV high entropy alloy produced by mechanical alloying

F. Alijani et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Additive manufacturing of soft magnetic permalloy from Fe and Ni powders: Control of magnetic anisotropy

H. Schoenrath et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

The AC Soft Magnetic Properties of FeCoNixCuAl (1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.75) High-Entropy Alloys

Zhongyuan Wu et al.

MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Microstructures and mechanical properties of C-containing FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloy fabricated by selective laser melting

Rui Zhou et al.

INTERMETALLICS (2018)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Soft magnetic property of (Fe60Co35Ni5)(78)Si6B12Cu1Mo3 alloys by laser additive manufacturing

Xiaoshan Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2018)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Detection of magnetic moment in thin films with a home-made vibrating sample magnetometer

D. Jordan et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2018)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Relationship between laser energy input, microstructures and magnetic properties of selective laser melted Fe-6.9%wt Si soft magnets

M. Garibaldi et al.

MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (2018)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

The current and future status of rare earth permanent magnets

Hajime Nakamura

SCRIPTA MATERIALIA (2018)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Effect of annealing on the microstructure and magnetic properties of soft magnetic Fe-Si produced via laser additive manufacturing

M. Garibaldi et al.

SCRIPTA MATERIALIA (2018)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Ferrite Paste Cured With Ultraviolet Light for Additive Manufacturing of Magnetic Components for Power Electronics

Lanbing Liu et al.

IEEE MAGNETICS LETTERS (2018)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Design and Prototyping Medium-Frequency Transformers Featuring a Nanocrystalline Core for DC-DC Converters

Dante Ruiz-Robles et al.

ENERGIES (2018)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Soft magnetic materials for a sustainable and electrified world

Josefina M. Silveyra et al.

SCIENCE (2018)

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Article Engineering, Manufacturing

Laser additive processing of functionally-graded Fe-Si-B-Cu-Nb soft magnetic materials

T. Borkar et al.

MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (2017)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Magnetic Materials Used in Electrical Machines A COMPARISON AND SELECT ION GUIDE FOR EARLY MACHINE DESIGN

Andreas Krings et al.

IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS MAGAZINE (2017)

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Article Automation & Control Systems

Soft Magnetic Material Status and Trends in Electric Machines

Andreas Krings et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS (2017)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Laser Additive Manufacturing of Magnetic Materials

C. V. Mikler et al.

JOM (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

The effects of phase constitution on magnetic and mechanical properties of FeCoNi(CuAl)x (x=0-1.2) high-entropy alloys

Q. Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Calorimetric study and microstructure analysis of the order-disorder phase transformation in silicon steel built by SLM

J. N. Lemke et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2017)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Laser additive processing of Ni-Fe-V and Ni-Fe-Mo Permalloys: Microstructure and magnetic properties

C. V. Mikler et al.

MATERIALS LETTERS (2017)

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Article Engineering, Manufacturing

Laser additive processing of Fe-Si-B-Cu-Nb magnetic alloys

R. Conteri et al.

JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (2017)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts

D. B. Miracle et al.

ACTA MATERIALIA (2017)

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Article Business

The rise of 3-D printing: The advantages of additive manufacturing over traditional manufacturing

Mohsen Attaran

BUSINESS HORIZONS (2017)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials

Jian-Yuan Lee et al.

APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY (2017)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Metallurgy of high-silicon steel parts produced using Selective Laser Melting

Michele Garibaldi et al.

ACTA MATERIALIA (2016)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Bulk Combinatorial Synthesis and High Throughput Characterization for Rapid Assessment of Magnetic Materials: Application of Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™)

J. Geng et al.

JOM (2016)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Additive manufacturing and sustainability: an exploratory study of the advantages and challenges

Simon Ford et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2016)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Fabrication of FINEMET bulk alloy from amorphous powders by spark plasma sintering

T. Gheiratmand et al.

POWDER TECHNOLOGY (2016)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications

Customized Smartness: A Survey on links between Additive Manufacturing and Sensor Integration

Dirk Lehmhus et al.

3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEM-INTEGRATED INTELLIGENCE: NEW CHALLENGES FOR PRODUCT AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING (2016)

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Article Engineering, Manufacturing

A new part consolidation method to embrace the design freedom of additive manufacturing

Sheng Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (2015)

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Article Physics, Applied

A permendur-piezoelectric multiferroic composite for low-noise ultrasensitive magnetic field sensors

G. Sreenivasulu et al.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2012)

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Article Automation & Control Systems

Economics of additive manufacturing for end-usable metal parts

Eleonora Atzeni et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY (2012)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Magnetic Materials and Devices for the 21st Century: Stronger, Lighter, and More Energy Efficient

Oliver Gutfleisch et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2011)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Hard Magnetic Materials: A Perspective

J. M. D. Coey

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS (2011)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Ordered phases and texture in spray-formed Fe-5 wt%Si

D. Cava et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS (2011)

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Article Physics, Condensed Matter

Dynamic coercivity of Mo-doped FINEMETs

Srimoy Chakraborty et al.

PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER (2011)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Phase stability in high entropy alloys: Formation of solid-solution phase or amorphous phase

Sheng Guo et al.

PROGRESS IN NATURAL SCIENCE-MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL (2011)

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Article Physics, Applied

Effects of annealing on the magnetic properties of Fe-6.5%Si alloy powder cores

Pyungwoo Jang et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS (2008)

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Review Engineering, Industrial

Soft magnetic composite materials (SMCs)

H. Shokrollahi et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (2007)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Superparamagnetic colloids: Controlled synthesis and niche applications

Unyong Jeong et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2007)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The effect of compaction parameters and particle size on magnetic properties of iron-based alloys used in soft magnetic composites

H. Shokrollahi et al.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY (2006)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The use of soft magnetic composite materials in synchronous electric motor

Anton Hamler et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2006)

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Article Engineering, Industrial

Nanocrystalline soft magnetic composite cores

R. Nowosielski et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (2006)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Soft magnetic FeCo alloys: alloy development, processing, and properties

RS Sundar et al.

INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS REVIEWS (2005)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Structure and properties of nanocrystalline soft magnetic composite materials with silicon polymer matrix

LA Dobrzanski et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2005)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Soft magnetic composite based on mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline Ni3Fe phase

I Chicinas et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2005)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Morphology of ordering Fe-Si alloys

Y Ustinovshikov et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (2004)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys

B Cantor et al.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2004)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes

JW Yeh et al.

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS (2004)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Recent advances and future directions in magnetic materials

DC Jiles

ACTA MATERIALIA (2003)

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Article Materials Science, Ceramics

Design and fabrication of new soft magnetic materials

R Hasegawa

JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS (2003)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Newly developed electrical steel for high-frequency use

M Komatsubara et al.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2002)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

High-performance permanent magnets

D Goll et al.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (2000)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Preparation of new amorphous powder cores using Fe-based glassy alloy

S Yoshida et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS (2000)

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