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Global Burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, Outbreaks, and Future Challenges

VIRUSES-BASEL (2023)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Retrospective genomic analysis of the first Lumpy skin disease virus outbreak in China (2019)

Yu-Rong Wei et al.

Summary: This study characterizes the comparative genomic evolution of the LSDV strain from its first outbreak in China, revealing a common ancestor with LSDV strains from China and Vietnam. The findings provide additional genomic data for the tracking and control of LSDV in China and neighboring countries.

FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE (2023)

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Letter Veterinary Sciences

Epidemic of lumpy skin disease in Pakistan

Govinda Khatri et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease that affects farm animals, primarily water buffalo, and is caused by the contagious LSD virus. The disease mainly manifests through skin sores, where the virus can persist for long periods. LSD was first identified in Zambia in 1929 and has since spread to Pakistan, causing significant economic losses in terms of cattle deaths and reduced milk output. Pakistan has taken measures to control the spread of LSD, involving various stakeholders such as veterinarians, students, farmers, and others in awareness programs.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCIENCE (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Global Risk Assessment of the Occurrence of Bovine Lumpy Skin Disease: Based on an Ecological Niche Model

Qi An et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious disease in bovine animals that can cause devastating economic losses to the cattle industry. This study investigated the distribution characteristics of historical LSD epidemics and developed ecological niche models for LSD and its vectors Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti. Predictive maps were generated to show the probability of LSD occurrence and the potential distribution of the vectors.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2023)

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Article Virology

Development and Validation of a New DIVA Real-Time PCR Allowing to Differentiate Wild-Type Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Strains, Including the Asian Recombinant Strains, from Neethling-Based Vaccine Strains

Andy Haegeman et al.

Summary: The current epidemic in Asia caused by LSDV recombinants presents challenges to existing DIVA PCR tests, and a new duplex real-time PCR capable of differentiating Neethling-based vaccine strains from circulating wild-type strains has been developed and validated. The new assay demonstrated high diagnostic specificity and robustness, making it a promising tool for controlling the LSDV epidemic in Asia.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2023)

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Article Virology

The genome sequence of lumpy skin disease virus from an outbreak in India suggests a distinct lineage of the virus

Lenin Bhatt et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infections have caused large outbreaks globally. In 2022, an ongoing outbreak in India resulted in the loss of over 80,000 cattle. Genome sequencing analysis of the virus isolates from the outbreak revealed significant genetic variations and a distinct genetic lineage.

ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY (2023)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

The first study on the impact of lumpy skin disease outbreaks on monthly milk production on dairy farms in Khon Kaen, Thailand

Paramintra Vinitchaikul et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine the influence of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks on monthly milk production levels in the dairy industry in Thailand. The study found that LSD outbreaks had a significant impact on the milk production of dairy farms located in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand, resulting in estimated economic losses of 2,413,000 Thai Baht (68,943 USD) over the outbreak period. The monthly farm milk production level differed in May compared to June and August, and dairy farmers experienced monthly income losses between 4180 and 14,440 Thai Baht (119.43 and 412.57 USD).

VETERINARY WORLD (2023)

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Review Virology

Lumpy Skin Disease: A Systematic Review of Mode of Transmission, Risk of Emergence and Risk Entry Pathway

Juana Bianchini et al.

Summary: The spread of lumpy skin disease (LSD) to free countries in Europe, Central and South East Asia has raised concerns about its emergence in new areas or re-emergence in eradicated countries. This review focused on the epidemiological characteristics of LSD virus over the past 40 years. The findings indicate that buffaloes are the main non-cattle hosts, transmission occurs mainly through blood-sucking vectors, and cattle trade and mechanical transmission are responsible for the spread.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2023)

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Article Immunology

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Infection in Free-Ranging Indian Gazelles (Gazella bennettii), Rajasthan, India

Shashi Bhushan Sudhakar et al.

Summary: Two wild Indian gazelles near a zoo in Bikaner, India were found to have nodular skin lesions caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection. Genome analyses revealed a Middle Eastern lineage of the wild-type LSDV strain. The evidence of natural LSDV infection in wild gazelles suggests an expanding host range.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Genomic characterization of lumpy skin disease virus in southern China

Jun Ma et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is of high economic importance and has spread rapidly to many European and Asian countries in recent years. In 2020, an LSDV strain (GD01/2020) was discovered in a cattle farm in Guangdong, China, showing typical LSD symptoms. Genomic analysis revealed that GD01/2020 was highly similar to LSDVs isolated in Xinjiang, China in 2019, but distinct from LSDVs identified in other countries. This recombinant strain may affect the virulence and transmissibility of the virus, and its origin remains unknown.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Lumpy skin disease is expanding its geographic range: A challenge for Asian livestock management and food security

Shahan Azeem et al.

Summary: In recent years, lumpy skin disease virus has spread beyond sub-Saharan countries to the Middle East and Asia, leading to outbreaks in Bangladesh, India, China, and other Asian countries. This poses a serious threat to the livestock and dairy industries in these countries. This report provides information on the recent outbreaks in southern Asia and suggests strategies to control the spread of this emerging disease in Asia.

VETERINARY JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Characterization of a Nigerian Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolate after Experimental Infection of Cattle

Janika Wolff et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease virus, a serious poxvirus that affects agricultural livestock, has a significant impact on the economy and global trade restrictions. This study confirmed the high pathogenicity of a Nigerian strain of the virus in cattle through experimental infection.

PATHOGENS (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

The First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Thailand (2021): Epidemiological Features and Spatio-Temporal Analysis

Orapun Arjkumpa et al.

Summary: This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the first lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreak in Thailand and identify spatio-temporal clusters. The study found that there were 293 LSD outbreak farms in four different districts of Roi Et province. The overall morbidity and mortality rates of the affected cattle were 40.5% and 1.2%, respectively. The study used space-time permutation and Poisson space-time models to detect statistically significant clusters, identifying seven clusters with the former model and one cluster with the latter. The findings provide important baseline information for future epidemiological studies and support the establishment of effective control programs for LSD in Thailand.

FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Qualitative assessment of the probability of introduction and onward transmission of lumpy skin disease in Ukraine

Dima Farra et al.

Summary: This study conducted a risk assessment on the introduction and transmission of lumpy skin disease in Ukraine. Illegally traded cattle were identified as the most probable pathway for virus introduction, while flying vectors were identified as a high-risk factor for onward transmission within Ukraine. The study also highlighted data gaps in animal movement and biosecurity in Ukraine, providing recommendations for risk management.

MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Observations on presumptive lumpy skin disease in native cattle and Asian water buffaloes around the tiger reserves of the central Indian highlands

N. Pandey et al.

Summary: Between August and October 2020, more than 200 livestock in 32 villages in central India were diagnosed with lumpy skin disease, showing symptoms of high fever, depression, anorexia, and round nodules on the skin. Delay in treatment initiation correlated positively with the duration of sickness, and Bos indicus cows experienced a significant reduction in milk yield.

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease viruses (LSDV) isolated from the first and subsequent field outbreaks in India during 2019 reveals close proximity with unique signatures of historical Kenyan NI-2490/Kenya/KSGP-like field strains

Shashi Bhushan Sudhakar et al.

Summary: This study reports the genetic relationships and molecular features of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causing outbreaks in cattle in India and Bangladesh in 2019. The findings suggest close relatedness of the Indian and Bangladeshi LSDV strains to historical Kenyan strains and a common exotic source of introduction. Continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of LSDV strains are highlighted as important for developing diagnostic and control strategies.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

From policy to practice: An assessment of biosecurity practices in cattle, sheep and goats production, marketing and slaughter in Baringo County, Kenya

Edna N. Mutua et al.

Summary: Implementation of biosecurity measures in rural settings is more complex than anticipated, influenced by resource limitations, poor enforcement, and conflicts with cultural practices.

PLOS ONE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Molecular detection and characterization of lumpy skin disease viruses from outbreaks in Thailand in 2021

Ladawan Sariya et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a significant transboundary and emerging disease in cattle, causing economic losses worldwide. This study investigated the molecular detection and characterization of LSD viruses from outbreaks in Thailand in 2021. The findings provide important insights into the detection rates, viral copy numbers, and phylogenetic relationships of the LSDV strains, highlighting the origin and evolution of the disease.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Molecular Characterization of the 2020 Outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in Nepal

Pragya Koirala et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease is a viral disease affecting cattle and buffaloes, with high morbidity. A study on the LSD outbreak in Nepal found that the disease spread rapidly to neighboring districts in a month, infecting over 1300 animals. The LSDV isolates in Nepal were similar to those in Bangladesh, India, and historic isolates from Kenya.

MICROORGANISMS (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Molecular characterization of a novel subgenotype of lumpy skin disease virus strain isolated in Inner Mongolia of China

Xiaohui Zan et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks caused by Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) have been reported in China since August 2019. Several strains of LSDV, including those from China and imported from Chile, have been sequenced. However, limited data is currently available on the origin of the virus.

BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Isolation and molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from hard ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus in Egypt

Ramy E. El-Ansary et al.

Summary: This study revealed and confirmed the potential role of hard ticks in the transmission of lumpy skin disease virus to susceptible animals in Egypt.

BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Virology

Clinical Epidemiology, Pathology, and Molecular Investigation of Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Bangladesh during 2020-2021 Indicate the Re-Emergence of an Old African Strain

Rokshana Parvin et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) emerged in Bangladesh in mid-2019. This study investigates the clinical manifestation, epidemiological features, and pathological findings of LSD in local cattle breeds. Full-genome sequencing of local LSDV isolates is also conducted. The findings will contribute to the diagnosis, monitoring, and control of LSD in Bangladesh.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Article Virology

Recombinant LSDV Strains in Asia: Vaccine Spillover or Natural Emergence?

Frank Vandenbussche et al.

Summary: Several vaccine-like recombinant strains of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) were discovered in Kazakhstan and neighboring regions. The analysis suggests that these strains emerged as a result of a spillover from animals vaccinated with the Lumpivax vaccine, which was found to be a complex mixture of multiple viruses.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Review Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Lumpy skin disease: A newly emerging disease in Southeast Asia

Kanokwan Ratyotha et al.

Summary: This article introduces the information about lumpy skin disease and its virus, and emphasizes the emerging status of lumpy skin disease in Southeast Asia. Further research on lumpy skin disease, especially in pathology, transmission, diagnosis, distribution, prevention, and control, is needed.

VETERINARY WORLD (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Epidemiology and economic impact of lumpy skin disease of cattle in Mymensingh and Gaibandha districts of Bangladesh

Chandra Shaker Chouhan et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD), an emerging viral disease, has caused significant negative impacts on cattle production in Bangladesh. This study examined the recent LSD outbreaks in Mymensingh and Gaibandha districts from October 2019 to June 2020, and found high attack rates and economic losses. Factors such as lack of goat pox vaccination, introduction of new cattle, and sharing of syringes and utensils were associated with LSD occurrence. The average economic loss per case was 9384.41 BDT (110.40 US $), with a total annual loss of 7763.25 million BDT (91.33 million US $) in the two districts.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2022)

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Editorial Material Immunology

A serious skin virus epidemic sweeping through the Indian subcontinent is a threat to the livelihood of farmers

Naveen Kumar et al.

VIRULENCE (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Disease control tools to secure animal and public health in a densely populated world

Johannes Charlier et al.

Lancet Planetary Health (2022)

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Review Veterinary Sciences

An Overview of Transboundary Animal Diseases of Viral Origin in South Asia: What Needs to Be Done?

Gyanendra Gongal et al.

Summary: Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are highly contagious livestock epidemic diseases that can rapidly spread across national borders. TADs pose a major threat to livestock and can cause significant damage to food security and the economy. South Asian countries are particularly vulnerable to TADs due to the movement of commodities and animals across borders. Diseases such as Peste des Petits Ruminants, Avian Influenza, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Lumpy Skin Disease, and African Swine Fever are causing economic losses worldwide. Livestock diseases have a negative impact on farmers' livelihoods and the nation's economy. There is a need for a critical review of existing policies to ensure preparedness and prevention of TADs, including rapid diagnosis, surveillance, immunization, and coordination among South Asian countries. Regional cooperation and cross-border collaboration are necessary to control the spread of TADs, particularly for diseases like Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Peste des Petits Ruminants, and Avian Influenza. The paper suggests a future course of action to address the emerging and endemic TADs in South Asia.

VETERINARY SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Molecular identification and risk factor analysis of the first Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle in Mongolia

Myagmarsuren Odonchimeg et al.

Summary: This study reports the first outbreak of LSD in Mongolia, with an overall prevalence rate of 5.9% in cattle. Female adults, older cattle, and locations near tube wells and pond water were found to be at higher risk for LSD cases. The newly isolated Mongolian LSD viruses were phylogenetically clustered with Chinese and Vietnamese isolates.

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Review Veterinary Sciences

Update of Lumpy Skin Disease: Emergence in Asian Part of Eurasia

Yuri V. Saltykov et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease is a common cattle disease that has spread to Asia and Europe. Strict quarantine and vector control measures are needed to prevent virus transmission, along with effective vaccination campaigns.

ACTA VETERINARIA-BEOGRAD (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Diagnosis of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle using virological, molecular, and immunohistopathological assays

Dawlat M. Amin et al.

Summary: This study compared different diagnostic approaches for Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and confirmed the prevalence of LSDV infection in various Egyptian governorates during 2019 and 2020. Histopathology and IHC were identified as potential methods for confirming LSD infection in addition to VI and molecular detection.

VETERINARY WORLD (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in China, since 3 August 2019

Gang Lu et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease, caused by LSD virus, has emerged as a significant threat to the cattle industry in China, with multiple outbreaks reported in different provinces leading to infections and deaths in cattle.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Egypt during 2017-2018 among sheeppox vaccinated cattle: Epidemiological, pathological, and molecular findings

Sherin R. Rouby et al.

Summary: The study found that the sheep pox vaccination policy adopted by the General Organization of the Veterinary Services in Egypt was not effective in controlling lumpy skin disease in cattle. It is recommended to amend the vaccine use and implement complete coverage of vaccination to reduce the incidence of LSD among the cattle population in Egypt.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in vietnam, 2020

Ha Thi Thanh Tran et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary, systemic, viral disease of cattle, with the first outbreaks reported in Lang Son Province of Vietnam bordering China. Genetic analysis showed that the LSD virus isolated in the first outbreaks in Vietnam has high similarities with viruses isolated in China and Russia, providing important insights for the development of vaccines to control and eradicate LSD.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2021)

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Review Virology

Genome Editing Strategies to Protect Livestock from Viral Infections

Jenny-Helena Soellner et al.

Summary: The livestock industry faces constant threats from viral diseases, but CRISPR/Cas technology can be used to generate disease-resistant livestock, develop vaccines, and enhance understanding of virus-host interactions. Targeting genes can help reduce disease outbreaks and decrease the risk of zoonotic diseases.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Review Immunology

Review: Vaccines and Vaccination against Lumpy Skin Disease

Eeva Tuppurainen et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) caused by a capripoxvirus is a significant cattle disease, and vaccination is crucial for prevention, though choosing the best vaccine presents challenges. Decision makers require scientific information to support their actions, as vaccine products vary in quality, efficacy, safety, and price.

VACCINES (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Coding-Complete Sequences of Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses Collected in 2020 from Four Outbreaks in Northern Vietnam

Elisabeth Mathijs et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe and economically important disease in cattle. We report coding-complete sequences of recombinant LSDVs from four outbreaks in northeastern Vietnam in October and November 2020.

MICROBIOLOGY RESOURCE ANNOUNCEMENTS (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Capripoxvirus Infections in Ruminants: A Review

Jihane Hamdi et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, and goatpox, caused by viruses of the Capripoxvirus genus, result in significant economic losses for cattle, sheep, and goats. Vaccination is crucial in controlling these diseases and reducing their impact on livestock industries.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh

Farazi Muhammad Yasir Hasib et al.

Summary: A cross-sectional surveillance study conducted in Chattogram district, Bangladesh, revealed an overall clinical prevalence of LSD in cattle population, with crossbred and female cattle showing higher disease prevalence. Introduction of new animals was identified as a significant risk factor in disease transmission. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated a close relationship with strains from Middle East and North African countries.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Immunology

A review: Surveillance of lumpy skin disease (LSD) a growing problem in Asia

Yasir Razzaq Khan et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease caused by LSDV, primarily affecting water buffaloes and cattle, with a vector borne transmission. It is characterized by characteristic skin lumps and high fever, and has been known to be endemic in Africa and later reported in central Asian and neighboring countries like Pakistan, India, Iran, and China.

MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS (2021)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Seroprevalence and risk factors for lumpy skin disease in cattle in Northern Egypt

Abdelfattah Selim et al.

Summary: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease endemic in cattle in African and Middle East countries. A study in Northern Egypt found a true seroprevalence rate of 19.5%, with higher rates in certain provinces. Factors associated with increased risk of LSD infection included breed, age, and season. Communal grazing, communal water points, introducing new animals, and contact with other animals were also significant risk factors. No significant association was found between sex or type of herd and LSD infection.

TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION (2021)

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Article Virology

First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana

Boitumelo Magret Modise et al.

Summary: This study provides the first genetic characterization of poxvirus diseases in cattle, goats, and sheep in Botswana, highlighting the importance of molecular methods in diagnosing poxvirus diseases of ruminants. The study identified specific poxvirus strains in different hosts and showed the genetic similarities and differences between the isolates in Botswana and those in other regions.

VIROLOGY JOURNAL (2021)

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Review Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences

Elizabeth A. Clemmons et al.

Summary: Animals play a crucial role in providing food and resources to the global population. Transboundary animal diseases are highly contagious, epidemic diseases with the potential to cause significant socioeconomic and public health consequences. More understanding of disease transmission and pathogenesis is needed, along with improvements in diagnostics and vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of 17 transboundary diseases, offering valuable information for researchers and veterinarians.

ANIMALS (2021)

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Article Immunology

The Importance of Quality Control of LSDV Live Attenuated Vaccines for Its Safe Application in the Field

Andy Haegeman et al.

Summary: Vaccination is an effective method to prevent, control, and eradicate diseases like lumpy skin disease (LSD). However, ensuring the quality of vaccine batches is crucial. This study demonstrated the presence of multiple Capripox viruses and possible recombinants in the LSD vaccine, which could have negative implications for efficacy and diagnostics.

VACCINES (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia

Yuri Saltykov et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine the main clonal lineages of LSDV strains in Saratov Region and other regions of Russia. Through molecular typing and subtyping based on the GPCR gene, different types and subtypes of LSDV strains were identified. The research also demonstrated the distribution of LSDV in different territories of the Russian Federation.

PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evidence of recombination of vaccine strains of lumpy skin disease virus with field strains, causing disease

Alexander Sprygin et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle in Odisha state, India in August 2019: Epidemiological features and molecular studies

Shashi B. Sudhakar et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2020)

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Article Pathology

Lumpy Skin Disease Is Characterized by Severe Multifocal Dermatitis With Necrotizing Fibrinoid Vasculitis Following Experimental Infection

Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo et al.

VETERINARY PATHOLOGY (2020)

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Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

First outbreak of lumpy skin disease in Nepal

Krishna Prasad Acharya et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2020)

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Review Veterinary Sciences

A review: Lumpy skin disease and its emergence in India

Tania Gupta et al.

VETERINARY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Determination of lumpy skin disease virus in bovine meat and offal products following experimental infection

A. Kononov et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2019)

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Review Virology

Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: A short review

A. Sprygin et al.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Risk of introduction of Lumpy Skin Disease into France through imports of cattle

Claude Saegerman et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2019)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Outbreak investigation and molecular diagnosis of Lumpy skin disease among livestock in Saudi Arabia 2016

S. Kasem et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Spread rate of lumpy skin disease in the Balkans, 2015-2016

A. Mercier et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2018)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress studies of lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle

Shefaa A. M. El-Mandrawy et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Epidemiological characterization of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Russia in 2016

A. Sprygin et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2018)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Epizootiological study on spatiotemporal clusters of Schmallenberg virus and Lumpy skin diseases: The case of Russia

Fayssal Bouchemla et al.

VETERINARY WORLD (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

` Epidemiological and Molecular Studies on Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Turkey during 2014-2015

M. Sevik et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2017)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Long-term changes in the spatial distribution of lumpy skin disease hotspots in Zimbabwe

Samuel Swiswa et al.

TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION (2017)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Incidence and molecular characterisation of lumpy skin disease virus in Zimbabwe using the P32 gene

Prettimore Mafirakureva et al.

TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION (2017)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Lumpy skin disease in cattle: Frequency of occurrence in a dairy farm and a preliminary assessment of its possible impact on Egyptian buffaloes

Mahmoud M. Elhaig et al.

ONDERSTEPOORT JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH (2017)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Comparative innocuity and efficacy of live and inactivated sheeppox vaccines

Zineb Boumart et al.

BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH (2016)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Evidence of intrauterine transmission of lumpy skin disease virus

Sherin Rouby et al.

VETERINARY JOURNAL (2016)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Adverse Reactions to Field Vaccination Against Lumpy Skin Disease in Jordan

S. M. Abutarbush et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2016)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Lumpy Skin Disease in Iraq: Study of the Disease Emergence

K. A. Al-Salihi et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2015)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Hematological and serum biochemical findings in clinical cases of cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease

Sameeh M. Abutarbush

JOURNAL OF INFECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2015)

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Article Virology

Evolution of and Evolutionary Relationships between Extant Vaccinia Virus Strains

Li Qin et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2015)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Evidence of Transstadial and Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Amblyomma hebraeum Ticks

J. C. Lubinga et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2015)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Scientific Opinion on lumpy skin disease

Charlotte Berg et al.

EFSA JOURNAL (2015)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Characterization of sheep pox virus vaccine for cattle against lumpy skin disease virus

Eeva S. M. Tuppurainen et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2014)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Lumpy skin disease in cattle in central Ethiopia: outbreak investigation and isolation and molecular detection of the virus

G. Ayelet et al.

REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE-OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES (2014)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Seminal Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Heifers

C. H. Annandale et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2014)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Lumpy skin disease of cattle: an emerging problem in the Sultanate of Oman

Mohamed Hassan Tageldin et al.

TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION (2014)

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Risk assessments of lumpy skin diseases in Borena bull market chain and its implication for livelihoods and international trade

Gezahegn Alemayehu et al.

TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION (2013)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Review: Lumpy Skin Disease: An Emerging Threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia

E. S. M. Tuppurainen et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2012)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Common, Emerging, Vector-Borne and Infrequent Abortogenic Virus Infections of Cattle

H. Ali et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2012)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Mathematical modelling and evaluation of the different routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus

Reuma Magori-Cohen et al.

VETERINARY RESEARCH (2012)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Real time PCR method for simultaneous detection, quantitation and differentiation of capripoxviruses

Charles Euloge Lamien et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS (2011)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Risk factors associated with observed clinical lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia

G. Gari et al.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2010)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Capripoxvirus G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor: a host-range gene suitable for virus animal origin discrimination

Christian Le Goff et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2009)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Using indirect ELISA to assess different antigens for the serodiagnosis of Fasciola gigantica infection in cattle, sheep and donkeys

W. S. Awad et al.

RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE (2009)

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Article Immunology

Appearance of skin lesions in cattle populations vaccinated against lumpy skin disease: Statutory challenge

J. Brenner et al.

VACCINE (2009)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Capripoxviruses: An emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle

S. Babiuk et al.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2008)

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Article Microbiology

Rapid preclinical detection of Sheeppox virus by a real-time PCR assay

C. A. Balinsky et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2008)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

The immune system: a new look at pain

Zhang Jun-hua et al.

CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL (2006)

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Article Veterinary Sciences

Disease prevention and preparedness for animal health emergencies in the Middle East

A. Shimshony et al.

REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE-OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES (2006)

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Article Immunology

Immune responses to recombinants of the South African vaccine strain of lumpy skin disease virus generated by using thymidine kinase gene insertion

DB Wallace et al.

VACCINE (2005)

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Article Virology

The genomes of sheeppox and goatpox viruses

ER Tulman et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2002)

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Article Virology

Genome of lumpy skin disease virus

ER Tulman et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2001)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

CM Chihota et al.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2001)

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