Combining Daily Sensor Observations and Spatial LiDAR Data for Mapping Snow Water Equivalent in a Sub-Alpine Forest

Article Engineering, Environmental

New opportunities for low-cost LiDAR-derived snow depth estimates from a consumer drone-mounted smartphone

Fraser King et al.

Summary: Snow has significant impacts on flooding, water resource management, and the water-energy budget. The use of LiDAR technology combined with drones provides a low-cost and accurate method for measuring snow depth over large areas.

COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Geography, Physical

Snow depth estimation at country-scale with high spatial and temporal resolution

Rodrigo Caye Daudt et al.

Summary: In this study, a recurrent convolutional neural network is used to estimate snow depth at a high spatial resolution (10 m GSD), weekly, and over large-scale areas, without the need for ground measurement stations. The proposed method achieves unprecedented results for large-scale, high-resolution snow depth mapping and is evaluated against high-fidelity snow depth maps obtained with airborne photogrammetry. Additionally, well-calibrated uncertainty estimates are provided for each individual snow depth estimate through a probabilistic regression framework.

ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING (2023)

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Article Geography, Physical

Landsat, MODIS, and VIIRS snow cover mapping algorithm performance asvalidated by airborne lidar datasets

Timbo Stillinger et al.

Summary: This study validates snow cover mapping algorithms using high-resolution aerial laser scanner snow depth maps and compares the performance of different algorithms under forest canopies or at the meter scale. The results show that spectral-unmixing methods have lower classification and root-mean-square errors and higher accuracy compared to the band ratio approach used by MODIS.

CRYOSPHERE (2023)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

IT-SNOW: a snow reanalysis for Italy blending modeling, in situ data, and satellite observations (2010-2021)

Francesco Avanzi et al.

Summary: We present IT-SNOW, a comprehensive and multi-year snow reanalysis for Italy, providing daily maps of snow water equivalent (SWE), snow depth, bulk snow density, and liquid water content. The reanalysis ingests input data from automatic weather stations, satellite products, and on-the-ground sensors, and shows good agreement with validation data and streamflow estimates.

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA (2023)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Estimating spatiotemporally continuous snow water equivalent from intermittent satellite observations: an evaluation using synthetic data

Xiaoyu Ma et al.

Summary: Accurate estimation of snow water equivalent (SWE) based on remote sensing in mountain areas has been challenging. However, there is potential for satellite-based SWE observations along ground tracks that cover a portion of the watershed. In this study, statistical and machine learning approaches were evaluated to estimate SWE in the upper Tuolumne River watershed using synthetic data. The results showed that SWE estimation improved with increased ground tracks, and the dominant variable controlling TTA SWE estimation was precipitation.

HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES (2023)

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Article Water Resources

Combining ground-based and remotely sensed snow data in a linear regression model for real-time estimation of snow water equivalent

Kehan Yang et al.

Summary: This study develops a data-fusion framework to improve real-time snow water equivalent (SWE) estimation in California. By incorporating multiple sources of data, including satellite observations and snow pillow SWE measurements, the developed regression model outperforms other operational SWE datasets and highlights the value of using multi-source observations.

ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES (2022)

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Article Water Resources

The impact of forest-controlled snow variability on late-season streamflow varies by climatic region and forest structure

William Ryan Currier et al.

Summary: Previous studies have documented the influence of forests on snow at fine spatial scales, but none have examined the impact of forest-snow variability on streamflow. This study used a parameterization model to simulate forest-snow variability and found that it affected late-season streamflow in certain watersheds but not in others.

HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Spruce Beetle Outbreak Increases Streamflow From Snow-Dominated Basins in Southwest Colorado, USA

Aidan L. Manning et al.

Summary: Bark beetles have affected over 58 million acres of coniferous forests in the Western US since 2000. Previous studies on the impact of bark beetle outbreaks on streamflow have shown mixed results, but this study is the first to use an empirical approach to quantify the response of streamflow to spruce beetle kill. The study found that in three out of six beetle impacted basins, annual streamflow increased by 22%-37% for at least three to 6 years after the beetle outbreak.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Exploring snow distribution dynamics in steep forested slopes with UAV-borne LiDAR

Kalliopi Koutantou et al.

Summary: This study utilized UAV-borne LiDAR system to investigate snow cover dynamics in forests in the Swiss Alps, revealing differences in snow depth and depletion rate between north- and south-exposed slopes, as well as the impact of local forest structure on snow depth.

COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Geography, Physical

Comparison of manual snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements: seeking the reference for a true SWE value in a boreal biome

Maxime Beaudoin-Galaise et al.

Summary: Manual measurement of snow water equivalent (SWE) is important for various applications, but there is no consensus on the best reference method. This study compares different snow pit methods and snow samplers and suggests that large diameter samplers are the best method for estimating true SWE in a boreal biome.

CRYOSPHERE (2022)

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Article Geography, Physical

Sentinel-1 snow depth retrieval at sub-kilometer resolution over the European Alps

Hans Lievens et al.

Summary: This study investigates the ability of the Sentinel-1 mission to monitor snow depth in the European Alps. By using backscatter observations and an empirical change detection algorithm, researchers successfully detected snow depth with high correlation to in situ measurements. These retrievals provide valuable information about snow depth in mountainous regions and are important for applications such as water resource management, flood forecasting, and numerical weather prediction.

CRYOSPHERE (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Unraveling the Controls on Snow Disappearance in Montane Conifer Forests Using Multi-Site Lidar

H. Safa et al.

Summary: This study investigates the impact of snow disappearance date (SDD) on the ecohydrological dynamics of montane forests, analyzing how forest canopy modulates SDD and the crucial role of topography and vegetation structure. The findings provide valuable insights for forest management recommendations in retaining snowpack across complex terrain and heterogenous canopy structure.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Important Airborne Lidar Metrics of Canopy Structure for Estimating Snow Interception

Micah Russell et al.

Summary: Forest canopies play a significant role in controlling the spatial distribution of snow cover. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) can be used to better characterize the three-dimensional distribution of canopy elements and to predict interception storage. ALS-derived canopy metrics, such as canopy length, whole-tree volume, and unobstructed returns, explain a large portion of the variability in snow interception volume, offering an improvement over traditional estimates based on LAI.

REMOTE SENSING (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Increasing the Physical Representation of Forest-Snow Processes in Coarse-Resolution Models: Lessons Learned From Upscaling Hyper-Resolution Simulations

Giulia Mazzotti et al.

Summary: Processes shaping forest snow cover evolution vary at small spatial scales, posing a challenge for model developers to represent this variability at larger scales. Using a hyper-resolution forest snow model, it was found that including detailed process-specific canopy descriptors allows for accurate simulation of forest snow cover dynamics at coarse resolutions. Realistic representation of snow-covered fraction is also important even for relatively small grid cells in snowmelt calculations. Ultimately, this study provides recommendations for modeling forest-snow processes in large-scale applications.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Snow Depth Fusion Based on Machine Learning Methods for the Northern Hemisphere

Yanxing Hu et al.

Summary: A machine learning algorithm was used to fuse five snow depth datasets, with the Random Forest Regression model producing the best results. The fused snow depth product was verified at various snow observation sites, showing differing levels of accuracy. Seasonal average snow depths were analyzed, with plans to use random forest regression for long time series of fused snow depth datasets in the future.

REMOTE SENSING (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Changes in the frequency of global high mountain rain-on-snow events due to climate warming

J. Lopez-Moreno et al.

Summary: Rain-on-snow events can trigger severe floods in mountain regions, but the sensitivity of these events to climate warming varies greatly between different sites and within each basin. Factors such as the dominant phase of precipitation, duration of snow cover, and average temperature of each basin explain the variability in the sensitivity of rain-on-snow events to climate warming. Predictions show that while the overall frequency of rain-on-snow events may decrease, their hydrological importance is expected to remain, with peak streamflows increasing due to more rapid melting and warmer snowpacks in the future.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

A low-to-no snow future and its impacts on water resources in the western United States

Erica R. Siirila-Woodburn et al.

Summary: Anthropogenic climate change is decreasing seasonal snowpacks globally, with significant impacts on water resources, especially in the western United States. Projections show a decline of about 25% in snow water equivalent by 2050, with potential persistent low-to-no snow conditions in 35-60 years if greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. These changes will alter groundwater and streamflow dynamics in the region.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Article Geography, Physical

Analyzing glacier retreat and mass balances using aerial and UAV photogrammetry in the Otztal Alps, Austria

Joschka Geissler et al.

Summary: High-resolution aerial photogrammetry was used to study glacier retreat in the heavily glacierized Otztal Alps of Austria. The research showed a significant increase in glacier mass loss over the past decade, with correction using a UAV providing insights into local glacier processes. The availability of detailed multi-temporal digital aerial imagery for most glaciers in the region offers opportunities for in-depth analysis of climate-change-induced glacier retreat and mass loss.

CRYOSPHERE (2021)

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Article Geography, Physical

Snow depth mapping with unpiloted aerial system lidar observations: a case study in Durham, New Hampshire, United States

Jennifer M. Jacobs et al.

Summary: This study provides snow depth mapping results using lidar on a UAV, showing significant differences in snow depths between different terrains and vegetation types. The results indicate that snow depth varies significantly in different terrains and vegetation types, with shallower snow depths and higher snow depth confidence intervals on steep slopes. The performance of snow depth measurement depends on point cloud density and site surface conditions.

CRYOSPHERE (2021)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Snow water equivalents exclusively from snow depths and their temporal changes: the ΔSNOW model

Michael Winkler et al.

Summary: A new semiempirical multi-layer model, Delta SNOW, is introduced for simulating SWE and snow density solely from snow depth time series, showing promising results with a median bias and root mean square error for SWE of -3.0 and 30.8 kg m(-2), and +0.3 and 36.3 kg m(-2) for peak SWE. This model provides a means to derive robust SWE estimates from historical snow depth data and has the potential to generate distributed SWE from remotely sensed snow depth distribution estimates with some modifications.

HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Resolving Small-Scale Forest Snow Patterns Using an Energy Balance Snow Model With a One-Layer Canopy

Giulia Mazzotti et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Computer Science, Information Systems

The k-means Algorithm: A Comprehensive Survey and Performance Evaluation

Mohiuddin Ahmed et al.

ELECTRONICS (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Hotspots of snow cover changes in global mountain regions over 2000-2018

C. Notarnicola

REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Process-Level Evaluation of a Hyper-Resolution Forest Snow Model Using Distributed Multisensor Observations

Giulia Mazzotti et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Inferring Distributed Snow Depth by Leveraging Snow Pattern Repeatability: Investigation Using 47 Lidar Observations in the Tuolumne Watershed, Sierra Nevada, California

J. M. Pflug et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Environmental Sciences

lidR: An R package for analysis of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data

Jean-Romain Roussel et al.

REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT (2020)

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Article Geography, Physical

GENERATION OF DAILY HIGH-SPATIAL RESOLUTION SNOW DEPTH MAPS FROM IN-SITU MEASUREMENT AND TIME-LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHS

J. Revuelto et al.

CUADERNOS DE INVESTIGACION GEOGRAFICA (2020)

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Article Geography, Physical

Improving sub-canopy snow depth mapping with unmanned aerial vehicles: lidar versus structure-from-motion techniques

Phillip Harder et al.

CRYOSPHERE (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Watershed-scale mapping of fractional snow cover under conifer forest canopy using lidar

Tihomir S. Kostadinov et al.

REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT (2019)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Comparing Aerial Lidar Observations With Terrestrial Lidar and Snow-Probe Transects From NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign

William Ryan Currier et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Revisiting Snow Cover Variability and Canopy Structure Within Forest Stands: Insights From Airborne Lidar Data

Giulia Mazzotti et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Water Resources

Evaluating the functionality and streamflow impacts of explicitly modelling forest-snow interactions and canopy gaps in a distributed hydrologic model

Ning Sun et al.

HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES (2018)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Spatial snow water equivalent estimation for mountainous areas using wireless-sensor networks and remote-sensing products

Zeshi Zheng et al.

REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT (2018)

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Article Environmental Sciences

An Automatic Snow Depth Probe for Field Validation Campaigns

Matthew Sturm et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2018)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Snow Depth Variability at the Forest Edge in Multiple Climates in the Western United States

William Ryan Currier et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2018)

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Editorial Material Environmental Sciences

Estimating snow-cover trends from space

Kat J. Bormann et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2018)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Snow cover is a neglected driver of Arctic biodiversity loss

Pekka Niittynen et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2018)

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Article Geography, Physical

Interannual snow accumulation variability on glaciers derived from repeat, spatially extensive ground-penetrating radar surveys

Daniel McGrath et al.

CRYOSPHERE (2018)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Snowpack density modeling is the primary source of uncertainty when mapping basin-wide SWE with lidar

Mark S. Raleigh et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2017)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

How much runoff originates as snow in the western United States, and how will that change in the future?

Dongyue Li et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2017)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Recent Evidence of Large-Scale Receding Snow Water Equivalents in the European Alps

Christoph Marty et al.

JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY (2017)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Water and life from snow: A trillion dollar science question

Matthew Sturm et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2017)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Slower snowmelt in a warmer world

Keith N. Musselman et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2017)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Snowmelt rate dictates streamflow

Theodore B. Barnhart et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2016)

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Article Environmental Sciences

An Easy-to-Use Airborne LiDAR Data Filtering Method Based on Cloth Simulation

Wuming Zhang et al.

REMOTE SENSING (2016)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent in the world's mountains

Jeff Dozier et al.

WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-WATER (2016)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Scaling Precipitation Input to Spatially Distributed Hydrological Models by Measured Snow Distribution

Christian Voegeli et al.

FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE (2016)

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Article Geography, Physical

Using a fixed-wing UAS to map snow depth distribution: an evaluation at peak accumulation

Carlo De Michele et al.

CRYOSPHERE (2016)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Observations of distributed snow depth and snow duration within diverse forest structures in a maritime mountain watershed

Susan E. Dickerson-Lange et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2015)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Improved snow interception modeling using canopy parameters derived from airborne LiDAR data

D. Moeser et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2015)

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Article Ecology

Quantifying the effects of vegetation structure on snow accumulation and ablation in mixed-conifer forests

P. D. Broxton et al.

ECOHYDROLOGY (2015)

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Article Statistics & Probability

mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations inR

Stef van Buuren et al.

Journal of Statistical Software (2015)

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Article Statistics & Probability

NbClust: AnRPackage for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set

Malika Charrad et al.

Journal of Statistical Software (2015)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

A two-layer canopy model with thermal inertia for an improved snowpack energy balance below needleleaf forest (model SNOWPACK, version 3.2.1, revision 741)

I. Gouttevin et al.

GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT (2015)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Comparison of Random Forest and Parametric Imputation Models for Imputing Missing Data Using MICE: A CALIBER Study

Anoop D. Shah et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (2014)

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Article Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications

Recursive partitioning for missing data imputation in the presence of interaction effects

L. L. Doove et al.

COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS & DATA ANALYSIS (2014)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Variability of Observed Energy Fluxes during Rain-on-Snow and Clear Sky Snowmelt in a Midlatitude Mountain Environment

J. Garvelmann et al.

JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY (2014)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Potential of a low-cost sensor network to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of a mountain snow cover

Stefan Pohl et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2014)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Net radiation in a snow-covered discontinuous forest gap for a range of gap sizes and topographic configurations

Bijan Seyednasrollah et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES (2014)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Modeling Snow-Canopy Processes on an Idealized Mountain

Ulrich Strasser et al.

JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY (2011)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Persistence in intra-annual snow depth distribution: 1. Measurements and topographic control

M. Schirmer et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2011)

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Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Simulation of snow distribution and melt under cloudy conditions in an Alpine watershed

H. -Y. Li et al.

HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES (2011)

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Article Engineering, Ocean

A New Low-Cost, Stand-Alone Sensor System for Snow Monitoring

Andres Varhola et al.

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY (2010)

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Review Engineering, Civil

Forest canopy effects on snow accumulation and ablation: An integrative review of empirical results

Andres Varhola et al.

JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY (2010)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

An Evaluation of Forest Snow Process Simulations

Richard Essery et al.

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (2009)

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Article Water Resources

The role of snow interception in winter-time radiation processes of a coniferous sub-alpine forest

Manfred Staehli et al.

HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES (2009)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Interannual Consistency in Fractal Snow Depth Patterns at Two Colorado Mountain Sites

Jeffrey S. Deems et al.

JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY (2008)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Topographic, meteorologic, and canopy controls on the scaling characteristics of the spatial distribution of snow depth fields

Ernesto Trujillo et al.

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH (2007)

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Characterizing local scale snow cover using point measurements during the winter season

N. N. Neumann et al.

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN (2006)

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Article Water Resources

Long-term investigations of the snow cover in a subalpine semi-forested catchment

M Stähli et al.

HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES (2006)

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Article Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Random forests

L Breiman

MACHINE LEARNING (2001)

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Combining Daily Sensor Observations and Spatial LiDAR Data for Mapping Snow Water Equivalent in a Sub-Alpine Forest

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