Analytical challenges and possibilities for the quantification of tire- road wear particles

As one of the largest sources of microplastic particle emissions, tire-road wear particle mixtures (TRWPs) pose a potentially high threat to various environmental compartments. Their heterogenous properties, from varying particle size, density, shape, texture, elemental and chemical composition, cause chal-lenging analytical workflows. Current analytical methods for TRWP can be summarized in two main groups: single-particle-based and bulk-based methods. Both groups include a large variation of methods, with different demands for sampling and sample pre-treatment, and different possible outputs. This review provides an overview of the current analytical methods used for TRWP studies and in particularly quantifications, with focus on methods that have been peer-reviewed and tested for environmental samples. The review presents current possibilities and limitations with the different analytical ap-proaches, as well as highlighting gaps in the current TRWP knowledge and information needed to move this research field forward. & COPY; 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Automated summary

As one of the largest sources of microplastic particle emissions, tire-road wear particle mixtures (TRWPs) pose a potentially high threat to various environmental compartments. Current analytical methods for TRWP can be summarized in two main groups: single-particle-based and bulk-based methods. This review provides an overview of the current analytical methods used for TRWP studies and in particularly quantifications, with focus on methods that have been peer-reviewed and tested for environmental samples.