Nanoplastic-protein corona interactions and their biological effects: A review of recent advances and trends

Nanoplastics (NPs) in the nature environment can adsorb biomolecules to their surfaces and form protein corona (PC). The bio-nano interactions of NP-PCs critically change their biological fate and toxicity, which remains an issue of ongoing complexity and debate. Herein, we summarize and discuss recent progress in the formation, related influencing factors, and characterization methods of NP-PCs. The unique physio-chemical characteristics of NPs, such as polymerization morphology, functional group modification, and ageing, were investigated to distinguish them from other nanomaterials. The influence and mechanism of PC formation on the toxicity of NPs are summarized, including cellular uptake, oxidative stress, and altering of protein molecular structure and function. Finally, suggestions and perspectives for further research were proposed. Overall, the outcomes of the current study highlight the key role of PCs in determining the biological characteristics of NPs in realistic nano-ecotoxicological assessments.

Automated summary

Nanoplastics in the environment can form protein corona by adsorbing biomolecules onto their surfaces, which greatly impacts their biological fate and toxicity. This article summarizes recent progress in understanding the formation, influencing factors, and characterization methods of nanoplastic-protein corona complexes. The unique physio-chemical characteristics of nanoplastics, such as polymerization morphology and functional group modification, are investigated to differentiate them from other nanomaterials. The influences and mechanisms of protein corona formation on nanoplastic toxicity, including cellular uptake and alteration of protein structure and function, are discussed. Suggestions for further research are also proposed. Overall, this study emphasizes the significant role of protein corona in determining the biological characteristics of nanoplastics in realistic nano-ecotoxicological assessments.