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Fighting wheat powdery mildew: from genes to fields

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Identification, characterization, and rescue of CRISPR/Cas9 generated wheat SPO11-1 mutants

Lucy Hyde et al.

Summary: Increasing crop yields through plant breeding is impeded by chromosomal linkage blocks and linkage-drag in generating novel combinations of alleles. Meiotic recombination via crossover (CO) sites is essential for creating new genetic variation, but CO frequency is often low and unevenly distributed. Using CRISPR/Cas9, edits were made in all three SPO11-1 homoeologues of wheat, revealing the role of SPO11-1 in meiosis and the potential for modifying recombination in this important crop.

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Identification and transfer of a new Pm21 haplotype with high genetic diversity and a special molecular resistance mechanism

Zhenpu Huang et al.

Summary: A new functional Pm21 haplotype, Pm21(8#), was cloned from a wheat-H. villosa translocation line, providing a new gene resource for wheat breeding. The Pm21(8#) haplotype exhibited a different resistance mechanism compared to the previously identified Pm21(4#) haplotype. Pm21(8#) conferred resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) by limiting the growth of hyphae and inhibiting the formation of conidiophores in the late infection stage.

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Identification of a Wheat Powdery Mildew Dominant Resistance Gene in the Pm5 Locus for High-Throughput Marker-Assisted Selection

Guohao Han et al.

Summary: In this study, a dominant resistance gene PmAL11 was identified in wheat and mapped to the Pm5 locus on chromosome 7B. PmAL11, which is most likely a dominant form of Pm5e, provides a valuable resource for genetic study and breeding of resistant wheat cultivars. A new marker AL11-K2488 was developed and confirmed to be applicable for marker-assisted selection of PmAL11 in different wheat backgrounds.

PLANT DISEASE (2023)

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Orthologous genes Pm12 and Pm21 from two wild relatives of wheat show evolutionary conservation but divergent powdery mildew resistance

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Summary: Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a devastating disease that threatens wheat production worldwide. Pm12, originated from Aegilops speltoides, confers strong resistance to powdery mildew and has potential use in wheat breeding. The study demonstrated the physical mapping, isolation, and functional validation of Pm12, which is orthologous to Pm21 from Dasypyrum villosum.

PLANT COMMUNICATIONS (2023)

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The broad use of the Pm8 resistance gene in wheat resulted in hypermutation of the AvrPm8 gene in the powdery mildew pathogen

Lukas Kunz et al.

Summary: The continuous global use of the Pm8 resistance gene in wheat production has resulted in a multitude of virulence mechanisms in the wheat powdery mildew pathogen. This study highlights the evolutionary consequences of extensive resistance gene application and emphasizes the importance of considering long-term effects in wheat breeding.

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Characterization and identification of the powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat breeding line ShiCG15-009

Wenjing Zhang et al.

Summary: A highly resistant wheat breeding line ShiCG15-009 was identified to have a single dominant gene, PmCG15-009, conferring resistance to powdery mildew. Molecular marker analysis revealed that PmCG15-009 is located on chromosome 2BL and can be efficiently transferred to other wheat cultivars using marker-assisted selection.

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Genetic basis of resistance against powdery mildew in the wheat cultivar Tabasco

Jizhong Wu et al.

Summary: European winter wheat cultivar Tabasco was found to be resistant to powdery mildew disease caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) in China. Through mapping a new F-2 population, it was discovered that the resistance in Tabasco is linked to the Pm2 gene. A KASP marker was developed to track the resistance allele Pm2 in wheat breeding.

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Identification of a Pm4 Allele as a Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene in Wheat Line Xiaomaomai

Danyu Yao et al.

Summary: In this study, the powdery mildew resistance gene pmXMM was localized in Chinese landrace Xiaomaomai using bulked segregant RNA sequencing and comparative genomics analysis. Genetic analysis and SNP markers revealed that pmXMM is located at the distal end of chromosome 2AL. It was confirmed that Xiaomaomai carries a Pm4 allele and pmXMM is identical to Pm4d and Pm4e at the sequence level.

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Functional characterization of powdery mildew resistance gene MlIW172, a new Pm60 allele and its allelic variation in wild emmer wheat

Qiuhong Wu et al.

Summary: A new allele of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm60 was identified in wild emmer wheat, which provides valuable genetic resources for breeding resistant wheat cultivars.

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Lin-Feng Li et al.

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Genome-edited powdery mildew resistance in wheat without growth penalties

Shengnan Li et al.

Summary: Disruption of susceptibility genes in crops can confer disease resistance, but often leads to undesired effects. This study identifies a mutant wheat variety with a targeted deletion in a specific gene that retains crop growth and yields while conferring robust resistance to powdery mildew.

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Genetically Dissecting the Novel Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene in Wheat Breeding Line PBDH1607

Xiao Liang et al.

Summary: In this study, a new dominant gene PmPBDH was identified as the source of high resistance to powdery mildew in wheat breeding line PBDH1607. Genetic analysis and mapping revealed that PmPBDH is located on chromosome arm 4AL within a specific interval. Candidate genes associated with PmPBDH were also identified, and linked markers were developed for marker-assisted breeding.

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A truncated CC-NB-ARC gene TaRPP13L1-3D positively regulates powdery mildew resistance in wheat via the RanGAP-WPP complex-mediated nucleocytoplasmic shuttle

Xiangyu Zhang et al.

Summary: In wheat, TaRPP13L1-3D contributes to quantitative and/or basal resistance to powdery mildew by interacting with WPP1 and restricting the development of Bgt conidia. TaRPP13L1-3D is strongly upregulated in response to powdery mildew and stripe rust infections, and its overexpression enhances resistance to powdery mildew, while silencing it disrupts resistance.

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Fine mapping of powdery mildew resistance gene MlWE74 derived from wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) in an NBS-LRR gene cluster

Keyu Zhu et al.

Summary: In this study, the powdery mildew resistance gene MlWE74 from wild emmer wheat accession G-748-M was mapped in an NBS-LRR gene cluster on chromosome 2BS. The study revealed that the resistance in wheat line WE74 is controlled by a single dominant gene, MlWE74, and identified molecular markers linked to this gene. Additionally, several candidate genes were identified for further investigation in map-based cloning of MlWE74.

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Evaluation of powdery mildew resistance and molecular detection of resistance genes in an international wheat collection

Peng Cheng et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the powdery mildew resistance and presence of Pm genes in an international wheat collection, providing new sources for expanding genetic diversity and developing new wheat varieties with durable resistance to powdery mildew.

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Genetic mapping of powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat landrace Guizi 1 via genotyping by sequencing

Luhua Li et al.

Summary: The Chinese wheat cultivar Guizi 1 (GZ1) was found to have moderate and stable resistance to powdery mildew, controlled by a single dominant gene designated PmGZ1. Through genetic analysis and genotyping by sequencing, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with significant effect on powdery mildew resistance was successfully mapped to chromosome 6A.

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Diversity and similarity of wheat powdery mildew resistance among three allelic functional genes at the Pm60 locus

Shenghao Zou et al.

Summary: Pm60a and Pm60b were found to confer resistance to Bgt E09, but lack race-specific resistance when inoculated with Bgt E18. Characterization of alleles at the Pm60 locus may aid wheat breeding for resistance to powdery mildew caused by B. graminis f. sp. tritici.

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Fine mapping of Pm58 from Aegilops tauschii conferring powdery mildew resistance

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Interactions Between Lr67 or Lr34 and Other Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Brent D. McCallum et al.

Summary: The wheat multi-pest resistance genes Lr67 and Lr34 have similar effects on disease resistance and can interact with other resistance genes to enhance the overall resistance level. While Lr67 is not widely used in agriculture, it has the potential to play an important role in future wheat breeding.

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Mining of Wheat Pm2 Alleles for Goal-Oriented Marker-Assisted Breeding

Ziyang Yu et al.

Summary: By screening wheat genotypes, it was found that Pm2 alleles have identical marker alleles and gene sequences but diverse resistance spectra. In addition, a new KASP marker was developed to detect all Pm2 alleles in different genetic backgrounds. These findings are important for the control and breeding of wheat powdery mildew.

FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE (2022)

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Fine Mapping and Candidate Gene Analysis of Pm36, a Wild Emmer-Derived Powdery Mildew Resistance Locus in Durum Wheat

Domenica Nigro et al.

Summary: Powdery mildew (PM) is a significant foliar disease of cultivated cereals worldwide, and cultivating disease-resistant varieties is considered the most efficient strategy for disease management. This study fine mapped the chromosomal region containing the wild emmer PM resistance locus Pm36 and identified candidate genes using improved tetraploid wheat genomic resources. Ten high-confidence protein coding genes were found in the Pm36 region, which can be used for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs.

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Ancient variation of the AvrPm17 gene in powdery mildew limits the effectiveness of the introgressed rye Pm17 resistance gene in wheat

Marion C. Mueller et al.

Summary: In this study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and haplovariant mining methods were used to identify the non-avirulence effector AvrPm17 in wheat powdery mildew, as well as several genetically linked resistance genes. These results demonstrate the importance of pathogen-based genetic approaches in unraveling complex resistance loci in wheat and suggest that identification and monitoring of avirulence gene diversity in pathogen populations should be an integral part of introgression breeding to ensure effective and durable resistance in wheat.

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Wheat genomic study for genetic improvement of traits in China

Jun Xiao et al.

Summary: This review summarizes recent advances in genomic research and genetic improvement of bread wheat, with a focus on the contributions made by Chinese scientists. The availability of multiple reference wheat genome assemblies and cutting-edge technologies such as precise genome editing tools has opened up new possibilities for functional genomic research in wheat. Insights gained from these advances will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits, and facilitate the development of modern breeding techniques for more sustainable agriculture worldwide.

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Yanjun Mu et al.

Summary: This study identified a new gene pmYN99102 for powdery mildew resistance in wheat through genetic analysis and molecular marker techniques. The physical location of pmYN99102 on the 2BL chromosome arm was confirmed using BSE-Seq, and a genetic interval for this gene was locked using molecular markers. Additionally, it was found that pmYN99102 can be transferred into different genetic backgrounds using marker-assisted selection.

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PM2b, a CC-NBS-LRR protein, interacts with TaWRKY76-D to regulate powdery mildew resistance in common wheat

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Liru Wu et al.

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Summary: A new powdery mildew resistance gene, Pm68, was identified in Greek durum wheat TRI 1796 on chromosome 2BS. This gene confers high resistance to 22 isolates of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and could be a valuable resource for improving both common wheat and durum wheat through marker-assisted selection.

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A highly differentiated region of wheat chromosome 7AL encodes a Pm1a immune receptor that recognizes its corresponding AvrPm1a effector from Blumeria graminis

Tim Hewitt et al.

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Evaluation of resistance to powdery mildew and identification of resistance genes in wheat cultivars

Xianxin Wu et al.

Summary: Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a serious disease that can cause significant yield losses worldwide. Evaluating seedling resistance of 69 main wheat cultivars to powdery mildew and determining the presence of resistance genes Pm3, Pm8, Pm13, Pm16, and Pm21 can provide valuable information for future wheat disease breeding programs to develop new cultivars with durable resistance. The study showed that Yunnan wheat cultivars have inadequate overall level of powdery mildew resistance and identified some cultivars likely carrying specific resistance genes which can be used for developing resistant cultivars against this disease.
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Identification of specificity-defining amino acids of the wheat immune receptor Pm2 and powdery mildew effector AvrPm2

Beatrice Manser et al.

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Xu Zhang et al.

Summary: The study identified SNPs in wheat powdery mildew genes Pm21, PmV, and Pm12, and developed KASP markers for diagnosis, which have the advantages of low cost, convenience, accuracy, and potential high throughput for MAS.

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Fine mapping of a powdery mildew resistance gene MlIW39 derived from wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides)

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