期刊
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
卷 463, 期 2, 页码 2109-2118出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw2121
关键词
gravitationalwaves; methods: numerical; binaries: close; stars: kinematics and dynamics; globular clusters: general
资金
- NSF [AST-1312945, GK-12, DGE-0948017]
- NASA [NNX14AP92G]
- NSF GRFP Fellowship [DGE-0824162]
- Qianren (Thousand Talents) special foreign experts program of China through the Silk Road Project at the National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC)
- Strategic Priority Research Program 'The Emergence of Cosmological Structures' of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDB09000000]
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA) in Garching, Germany
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center (CAMK) in Warsaw, Poland
- Division Of Astronomical Sciences
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1312945] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
We present the first detailed comparison between million-body globular cluster simulations computed with a Henon-type Monte Carlo code, CMC, and a direct N-body code, NBODY6++GPU. Both simulations start from an identical cluster model with 106 particles, and include all of the relevant physics needed to treat the system in a highly realistic way. With the two codes 'frozen' (no fine-tuning of any free parameters or internal algorithms of the codes) we find good agreement in the overall evolution of the two models. Furthermore, we find that in both models, large numbers of stellar-mass black holes (> 1000) are retained for 12 Gyr. Thus, the very accurate direct N-body approach confirms recent predictions that black holes can be retained in present-day, old globular clusters. We find only minor disagreements between the two models and attribute these to the small-N dynamics driving the evolution of the cluster core for which the Monte Carlo assumptions are less ideal. Based on the overwhelming general agreement between the two models computed using these vastly different techniques, we conclude that our Monte Carlo approach, which is more approximate, but dramatically faster compared to the direct N-body, is capable of producing an accurate description of the long-term evolution of massive globular clusters even when the clusters contain large populations of stellar-mass black holes.
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