Dual-Mode Nanoprobes Based on Lanthanide Doped Fluoride Nanoparticles Functionalized by Aryl Diazonium Salts for Fluorescence and SERS Bioimaging

The design of dual-mode fluorescence and Raman tags stimulates a growing interest in biomedical imaging and sensing applications as they offer the possibility to synergistically combine the versatility and velocity of fluorescence imaging with the specificity of Raman spectroscopy. Although lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most studied fluorescent nanoprobes, their use for the development of bimodal fluorescent-Raman probes has never been reported yet, to the best of the authors knowledge, probably due to the difficulty to functionalize them with Raman reporter groups. This gap is filled herein by proposing a fast and straightforward approach based on aryl diazonium salt chemistry to functionalize Eu3+ or Tb3+ doped CaF2 and LaF3 NPs by Raman scatters. The resulting surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-encoded lanthanide-doped fluoride NPs retain their fluorescence labeling capacity and display efficient SERS activity for cell bioimaging. The potential of this new generation of bimodal nanoprobes is assessed through cell viability assays and intracellular fluorescence and Raman imaging, opening up unprecedented opportunities for biomedical applications. Owing to their outstanding photoluminescent properties, lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles such as Eu3+ or Tb3+ doped CaF2 and LaF3 nanoparticles hold huge promise in bioimaging. Herein, these nanoparticles are used for the first time as bimodal fluorescent-Raman probes, thanks to their functionalization by Raman tags using diazonium salts. The resulting bimodal nanoprobes offer unprecedented opportunities for intracellular fluorescence and Raman imaging.image

Automated summary

The design of dual-mode fluorescence and Raman tags has aroused great interest in biomedical imaging and sensing. In this study, lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles were functionalized with Raman tags using aryl diazonium salt chemistry, and successfully used as bimodal fluorescent-Raman probes for cell bioimaging. This new generation of nanoprobes offers unprecedented opportunities for biomedical applications.