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Article
Chemistry, Physical
O. Westhead et al.
Summary: Since 2019, numerous high-profile papers have reported improved efficiency of lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction to make ammonia. However, there is a lack of systematic investigation linking bulk electrolyte properties to electrochemical performance and Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) properties. This study reveals that the salt concentration has a remarkable effect on electrolyte stability and the formation of a more stable SEI layer with increasing salt concentration. Higher salt concentrations result in decreased faradaic efficiency due to decreased nitrogen solubility and diffusivity, as well as increased SEI conductivity.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xianbiao Fu et al.
Summary: Ammonia is an important substance in various industries and can also be used as a carbon-free fuel. A new approach using lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction has shown promise in the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia. In this study, a continuous-flow electrolyzer with gas diffusion electrodes was used, and a platinum-gold alloy catalyst was found to be more stable and efficient for the reaction. The results showed a high faradaic efficiency for ammonia production and energy efficiency at optimal conditions.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Neubi F. Xavier Jr et al.
Summary: Doping nonmetal atoms into graphitic and nanocarbon structures can tune surface electronic properties and create new active sites for catalytic applications. This study investigates the direct conversion of methane into H2 and C2Hx using Klein-type zigzag graphene edges doped with nitrogen, boron, phosphorus, and silicon. The results show that N-EDNC exhibited outstanding performance for H2 production at temperatures over 900 K, followed by P-EDNC, Si-EDNC, and B-EDNC. The work suggests that decorated EDNCs are promising metal-free catalysts for methane conversion into H2 and short-length alkenes.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hoang-Long Du et al.
Summary: Electrochemical lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction can be used to synthesize ammonia from renewables, but integrating it into electrolyzer devices is challenging due to the lack of understanding of the relationship between performance and proton transport parameters. In this study, a top-performance N-2 electroreduction system was used to investigate the correlation between reaction metrics and proton carrier properties, including alcohols, a phosphonium cation, tetrahydrofuran, a Bronsted acid, ammonium, and water. The study showed that optimized electrolyte compositions are required for productive carriers, and ammonia electrosynthesis with the phosphonium cation and iso-propanol achieved performance close to the ethanol benchmark. It was also found that ethanol undergoes irreversible degradation through reaction with oxidized solvent, unlike iso-propanol and phosphonium cation proton carriers.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yuxian Fan et al.
Summary: The synthesis of ammonia through the Haber-Bosch process has led to significant CO2 emissions. Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia from NOx under ambient conditions is crucial for resource conservation and nitrogen cycle equilibrium. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art NOx reduction reaction to ammonia, focusing on aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes. Challenges include unfavorable chemical kinetics and the development of cost-efficient and performance-superior electrocatalysts and electrolyte systems.
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Muhammad Ibrar Ahmed et al.
Summary: This article discusses the catalyst design and mechanisms of the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) for sustainable ammonia production, and presents theoretical and experimental approaches to improve the activity of electrocatalysts. This research is of great importance for the development of active, selective, and efficient catalysts for nitrogen reduction.
GREEN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Kevin Krempl et al.
Summary: Li-mediated electrochemical ammonia synthesis (LiMEAS) is a potential alternative to conventional thermochemical synthesis. By conducting experiments on a platinum electrode, it is found that protons are generated not only by hydrogen oxidation but also by electrolyte oxidation, resulting in continuous acidification of the electrolyte. The generated protons also react with electrolyte components, hindering the replenishment of the proton source. It is suggested to design new electrolytes that contain proton acceptors to achieve a stable buffered electrolyte with proton activity.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Katja Li et al.
Summary: The current density and ammonia formation rates were significantly improved by synthesizing high surface area Cu electrodes through hydrogen bubbling templating (HBT) on Ni foam substrates. Increasing the electrolyte salt concentration was found to enhance the stability of the system.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Francesco Tavella et al.
Summary: This article summarizes some key factors and advanced solutions proposed for the challenging reaction of the direct electrocatalytic production of NH3 from N2 and H2O at ambient conditions.
CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Dazhi Yao et al.
Summary: Ammonia is the second highest produced chemical in the world and is used for fertilizer production and as a carrier for renewable energy. The current production process for ammonia has high energy consumption, emissions, and capital investment, leading to the need for efficient alternatives. Electrocatalysis technologies, particularly the nitrogen reduction reaction, have great potential but face intrinsic limitations. This review discusses the roadmap towards green ammonia and explores emerging strategies beyond conventional catalyst design and engineering.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hoang-Long Du et al.
Summary: Ammonia is considered a potential replacement for carbon-based fuels and a carrier for global renewable energy transportation, with the need to transform existing NH3 production technology into a simpler and scale-flexible electrochemical lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lin-Feng Gao et al.
Summary: The research demonstrates that Au/CP can effectively catalyze the production of NH3 in Li-mediated NRR in non-aqueous solutions. Au improves electron transfer kinetics, promotes the formation of Li, and accelerates NRR. The NH3 yield from NRR reaches up to 50 μg h(-1) cm(-2).
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ali Hussain Motagamwala et al.
Summary: Microkinetic modeling is a useful tool for understanding surface kinetics in heterogeneous catalyst design. It helps identify key reaction intermediates and rate-determining elementary reactions, as well as ensuring thermodynamic consistency of the model and adjusting parameters for catalyst heterogeneity. The incorporation of Bronsted-Evans-Polanyi relations and scaling relations in microkinetic models has significant effects on catalytic performance and formation of volcano curves.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Naseem Akhtar et al.
Summary: By designing a bifunctional interlayer using gelatin-based fibers, the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries can be significantly enhanced by preventing lithium dendrite formation and reducing the polysulfide shuttle effect.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tingting Wu et al.
Summary: The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia, with advantages such as mild operating conditions and zero emission of carbon dioxide, is considered a promising alternative to the traditional Haber-Bosch process. Research in this field focuses on catalyst development, innovations in electrolytic cell configurations, and verification of ammonia synthesis results.
MATERIALS TODAY PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Katja Li et al.
Summary: The study found that adding small amounts of oxygen can improve the faradaic efficiency and stability of lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction, significantly increasing the rate of ammonia formation.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Matthew J. Palys et al.
Summary: Renewable ammonia production and utilization play a crucial role in improving sustainability in agriculture and energy storage. System engineering can advance the adoption of renewable ammonia in a sustainable, economically competitive, and reliable manner.
CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Alvaro Masias et al.
Summary: Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have evolved from consumer electronics to powering the automotive sector, meeting the unique requirements of vehicle applications. Automotive-driven battery targets are determined by international research groups and existing electric vehicle performance. Challenges and opportunities in transitioning LIBs from CE to automotive sector are assessed in terms of energy, life, cost, safety, and fast charge capability.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Huidong Shen et al.
Summary: NH3 production currently relies on the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, but electrochemical NH3 synthesis powered by renewable electricity offers a promising carbon-neutral and sustainable strategy. However, significant enhancements in energy efficiency, conversion rate, and durability are still needed, achievable only through the design of efficient electrocatalysts.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dilip Krishnamurthy et al.
Summary: The study experimentally tested different classes of proton donors and constructed a classification model to distinguish between active and inactive proton donors, predicting nitrogen reduction activity through interpretable data-driven method. Additionally, a deep learning model was utilized to predict parameters, showing that the combined approach of classification and deep learning models outperformed traditional methods.
ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jamie R. Gomez et al.
Summary: Ammonia, a high energy density liquid fuel, is gaining global interest as a carbon-free energy carrier for long-distance transportation. The use of lithium-mediated electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is considered a sustainable pathway with lower costs and environmental impact compared to traditional methods.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jeonghoon Lim et al.
Summary: Access to nitrogen-based fertilizers is crucial for maximizing agricultural yield, but the production process contributes significantly to carbon emissions. The market size and value of ammonia and nitric acid will be heavily influenced by the growing global population and food demand over the next three decades. Developing carbon-free technologies for nitrogen and nitrate reduction to meet fertilizer manufacturing demands is essential to address the environmental impact of current production methods.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2021)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Seyedehhoma Ghavam et al.
Summary: Recent studies have focused on finding environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and economically viable production processes for ammonia synthesis due to its importance in agriculture and potential as an energy carrier. However, the commonly used Haber-Bosch process for ammonia production has high greenhouse gas emissions and energy usage. Sustainable hydrogen production methods like water electrolysis coupled with renewable technologies are being explored, but they require large amounts of pretreated water. A comparative life cycle assessment of various ammonia production methods shows that significant GHG emissions or high volumes of water are still present in these technologies.
FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Pavel Cherepanov et al.
Summary: The study investigated the effects of parameters such as electrode potential, convection, N-2 pressure, and water content on the electrochemical production of ammonia. Results showed that a closely linear ammonia yield and approximately constant faradaic efficiency can be maintained during experiments lasting up to 60 hours. Improved control of reaction conditions led to ammonia yield rates above 1 nmol s(-1) cm(-2) and faradaic efficiencies as high as 60%.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bryan H. R. Suryanto et al.
Summary: Ammonia (NH3) is a globally important commodity for fertilizer production, but its synthesis by the Haber-Bosch process causes substantial emissions of carbon dioxide. Alternative methods being explored include the promising electrochemical lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction, which has required sacrificial sources of protons. In this study, a phosphonium salt is introduced as a proton shuttle to help resolve this limitation, resulting in high NH3 production rates and demonstrated continuous operation for more than 3 days.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xiyang Cai et al.
Summary: The lithium-mediated electrochemical NRR process shows promise as a green synthesis method for ammonia, but further research is needed to improve efficiency and stability by understanding and optimizing the mechanism involved. High ammonia yield and Faradaic efficiency were achieved through the use of freshly deposited lithium at high current density.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhi Wen Chen et al.
Summary: The study combines density functional theory calculations with machine learning to analyze and develop the structure-activity relationship for single-atom catalysts in the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction. A bidirectional activation mechanism and new descriptor for catalytic activity are proposed, and a machine learning model is established to predict the catalytic performance of NRR, contributing to accelerated design and discovery of new catalysts.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yongwen Ren et al.
Summary: The translation provides an overview of the current status and challenges of the electrocatalytic N-2 reduction reaction (NRR) for ammonia synthesis, focusing on strategies for inhibiting the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to achieve high NRR selectivity. The article also discusses strategies for suppressing H-2 evolution based on NRR mechanisms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and electrocatalyst design.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mohammad Zafari et al.
Summary: The production of ammonia through electrochemical processes faces challenges in catalytic activity and Faraday efficiency. By utilizing novel materials such as MBenes and defect-engineered 2D-materials, significant improvements have been made in catalyzing nitrogen reduction reactions and inhibiting hydrogen evolution reactions. This study introduces a new mechanism for nitrogen reduction reactions and presents efficient electrocatalysts for the process, overcoming previous drawbacks of 2D materials.
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(2021)
Article
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Jay A. Schwalbe et al.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Arumugam Manthiram
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
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(2020)
Review
Electrochemistry
Yao Yao et al.
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY REVIEWS
(2020)
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Food Science & Technology
David R. Kanter et al.
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(2020)
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Editorial Material
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Grigorii Soloveichik
Article
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Drew Higgins et al.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2019)
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Antonio Jose Martin et al.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Thomas Burdyny et al.
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(2019)
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Kwiyong Kim et al.
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Linan Zhang et al.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2018)
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Richard Nayak-Luke et al.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2018)
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(2018)
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JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION
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