Valorization of protein-rich waste and its application

Energy shortages present significant challenges with the rising population and dramatic urbanization develop-ment. The effective utilization of high-value products generated from massive protein-rich waste has emerged as an excellent solution for mitigating the growing energy crisis. However, the traditional disposal and treatment of protein-rich waste, have been proven to be ineffective in resource utilization, which led to high chemical oxygen demand and water eutrophication. To effectively address this issue, hydrolysate and bioconversion products from protein-rich waste have been widely investigated. Herein, we aim to provide an overview of the valorization of protein-rich waste based on a comprehensive analysis of publicly available literature. Firstly, the sources of protein-rich waste with various quantities and qualities are systematically summarized. Then, we scrutinize and analyze the hydrolysis approaches of protein-rich waste and the versatile applications of hydrolyzed products. Moreover, the main factors influencing protein biotransformation and the applications of bioconversion products are covered and extensively discussed. Finally, the potential prospects and future directions for the valorization of protein-rich waste are proposed pertinently.

Automated summary

Energy shortages pose significant challenges to the growing population and rapid urbanization. The effective utilization of high-value products derived from protein-rich waste has emerged as an excellent solution to mitigate the energy crisis. However, traditional disposal methods have proven to be ineffective, resulting in environmental issues. This paper provides an overview of the valorization of protein-rich waste and explores various approaches for effective resource utilization.