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Article
Engineering, Geological
Yapeng Zhao et al.
Summary: This paper investigates the influence of hydrate content on the mechanical characteristics of fine-grained sediments. The results show that increasing hydrate content can significantly improve the strength and stiffness of sediments, and easily lead to strain softening and dilatation.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Qiaobo Hu et al.
Summary: In this study, a novel device is proposed to test the time-dependent deformation and ultrasonic response of hydrate-bearing sediment (HBS) under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions. The device allows control of four pressures and analysis of stress-strain relationships and ultrasonic data to determine the macroscopical failure and microcosmical creep deformation law of the samples. Preliminary experiments have verified the applicability of the device. This method is significant for field observation of reservoir failure during hydrate exploitation using geophysical techniques.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jinpei Li et al.
Summary: In 2020, China announced its dual carbon goals of peaking carbon emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. This study focuses on the low-carbon transformation in Chinese ports, using the Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model to evaluate port efficiency considering carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results indicate that, during 2005-2020, the average scale environmental efficiency of the eight ports is the highest, followed by local pure technical environmental efficiency and global technical environmental efficiency. Each port shows significant variations in efficiency values across different environmental efficiency categories. Recommendations are provided to improve the environmental efficiency of ports under the dual carbon goals, including port technology, input-output optimization, and supervision and management by relevant departments.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhicong Shen et al.
Summary: The depressurization method was implemented through a horizontal well in the production test at Shenhu, the South China Sea in 2020. The numerical model of a layered hydrate reservoir was established based on the infield data of this test. The gas production rates measured was validated by comparing with the numerical results. The synthesis time, scopes, gas sources and maximum saturations of secondary hydrates were originally clarified by analyzing the data from different monitoring sections, which followed by the sensitivity analyses against the initial permeability of each hydrate-bearing layer. The effect of secondary hydrates on the short-term and long-term productions was quantified. The hydrates were resynthesized extensively above the interface between the natural gas hydrate layer and the mixing layer, which reduced the in-situ permeability and then the well gas production seriously. The areas affected by depressurization were constrained within the mixing layer. The gas sources were supplemented by the primary free gas and the gas decomposed by the hydrates in the upper mixing layer. The vertical extensions of the secondary hydrates were limited to about 5 m due to the lower permeability, while the horizontal distributions were approximately 78 m away from the horizontal well after 3 years. Given that the secondary hydrates were eliminated artificially, the cumulative gas volume produced in the horizontal well was increased by 24% after 3 years. The sensitivity analysis showed that the variations of permeability in the mixing layer had more obvious effects on secondary hydrates. Therefore, the hydraulic fracturing could be used to prevent the resynthesis of hydrates.
Article
Thermodynamics
Peng Wu et al.
Summary: In this study, depressurizing dissociation was conducted on a hydrate-bearing sandy specimen using X-ray CT under triaxial stress. The results show that hydrate dissociation starts from the hydrate-gas interface and then results in the formation of cavities among patchy clusters. As the hydrate particle dissociates to a smaller size, the dissociated water gathers on the surface of the hydrate, preventing contact between the hydrate and gas phases. Subsidence is observed even at a low isotropic stress of 1 MPa after hydrate dissociation. Furthermore, the pore system characteristics vary with decreasing hydrate saturation, and the permeability of the hydrate-bearing sediment increases exponentially with decreasing hydrate saturation and is anisotropic due to the inhomogeneity of hydrate dissociation, which can be predicted via electrical conductivity.
Article
Thermodynamics
Yapeng Zhao et al.
Summary: Permeability is a crucial parameter for evaluating hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) as reservoirs and for developing exploitation plans. However, previous permeability studies of HBS have not taken into account effective stress and seepage pressure difference, which is inconsistent with the actual stress-seepage coupling process in hydrate exploitation. This study conducted water permeability tests on hydrate-bearing clayey-silty sediments (HBCSS) synthesized using marine clay from the South China Sea and quartz sand, in order to investigate the effects of effective stress, hydrate saturation, and seepage pressure difference on permeability. The experimental results show that effective stress significantly decreases permeability, especially at the beginning of stress increase. Furthermore, the relationship between hydrate saturation and permeability follows a negative exponential pattern due to the blockage mechanism of hydrate particles. The change in effective stress is the main factor influencing permeability in response to seepage pressure difference, with the effect weakening as hydrate cementation increases. Based on these findings, permeability models considering the coupling effect of effective stress and hydrate saturation were proposed.
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Zhun Zhang et al.
Summary: Commercial development of natural gas hydrate is important for energy structure, energy security, and global climate. Reservoir permeability is a critical parameter for hydrate exploitation and its dependence on various factors is comprehensively discussed. The study highlights the need for effective permeability models and challenges in accurately predicting gas production capacity. Collaborative research and development of agreeable measurement methods are proposed to address the challenges.
EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shi Shen et al.
Summary: Understanding the mechanical properties of natural gas hydrate (NGH) is crucial for its safe commercial exploitation. This study conducted mechanical experiments on NGH-bearing samples under different temperature and saturation conditions. The results revealed a positive correlation between sample strength and saturation, while temperature showed a negative correlation. Additionally, temperature and saturation exhibited a coupling effect on the samples' dilatancy and stress-strain behaviors.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL GAS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Yizhao Wan et al.
Summary: This paper presents a THMC coupled model for simulating fluid flow and geomechanical behavior in hydrate-bearing sediments. A new numerical method based on the hybrid CVFEM-FEM is developed and tested for accuracy and reliability.
COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS
(2022)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Siddarth Durga et al.
Summary: India faces the dual challenge of economic development and responding to climate change. High-quality data and research are needed for Indian policymakers and stakeholders to assess low-emissions, sustainable development strategies. This paper examines the recent peer-reviewed literature on India's 2030 and 2050 pathways, and finds the need for more ambitious mitigation pathways to achieve net-zero emissions by or before 2070.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yapeng Zhao et al.
Summary: This study explores the internal relationship between natural gas hydrate decomposition and submarine landslides and proposes a two-step reduction method to analyze the stability of hydrate-bearing submarine slopes. The results indicate that hydrate decomposition is a dynamic process that can trigger submarine landslides.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yapeng Zhao et al.
Summary: The majority of global gas hydrate resources are located in clay and silty fine-grained reservoirs. Understanding the mechanical properties of fine-grained hydrate is crucial for its commercialization. However, research on the mechanical properties of fine-grained hydrate has been relatively limited. In this study, experiments were conducted using clay from the South China Sea and quartz sand to investigate the effects of hydrate saturation, effective confining pressure, and clay content on the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing clayey-silty sediments. The results show that higher hydrate saturation can cause strain softening, and the clay acts as a lubricant, changing the particle relationship from crushing to rotating or sliding.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL GAS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mingtao Chen et al.
Summary: This study comprehensively reviewed the feasibility and mechanical research progress of various experimental methods for assessing the mechanical behavior of hydrate-bearing sediments. The precision and sample size of each method were compared and analyzed, and the limitations and challenges of current methods were discussed. Future development directions were proposed to improve the understanding of the mechanical behavior of hydrate-bearing sediments.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yapeng Zhao et al.
Summary: This study investigated the strength behaviors and physical properties of hydrate-bearing clayey-silty sediments using consolidated-drained triaxial tests. The results revealed that higher saturation facilitated strain softening, while higher confining pressure resulted in strain hardening. Increasing clay content led to lower failure strength and secant modulus E50 value.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Zhichao Liu et al.
Summary: This study developed a novel experimental apparatus to simulate gas-water-sand production and evaluate the associated multifold and multiphase processes. The results showed that gas/water production primarily occurred during the first third of each depressurization period, with low production rates initially. Flowing water mobilized sand particles, and the addition of gas exacerbated their migration. The study also revealed that the reservoir could maintain a temporary stable structure even when losing a certain amount of sand particles, but sand prevention approaches are advisable for long-term reservoir production.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Yanlong Li et al.
Summary: This paper introduces a novel approach named Ladetes to evaluate the lateral deformation behaviors of the hydrate-bearing strata (HBS). The approach utilizes pressuremeter test and flat dilatometer test to simulate the inner boundaries of an NGH-producing well and an artificial stimulation fracture. The Ladetes provides an effective and alternative way of obtaining geotechnical parameters for HBS.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Qiang Chen et al.
Summary: This study developed an apparatus for in situ resistivity testing of gas hydrate-bearing sediment and verified its feasibility through experiments. The results showed that the sample resistivity exhibited distinct stages of variation during gas hydrate growth. The most sensitive saturation range to the electrical response was found to be approximately 10.50%-22.34%.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Junhong Hao et al.
Summary: This study proposes a hierarchical framework for the decomposition, evaluation, prediction, and decoupling analysis of carbon emissions in China. By applying different methods, the study quantifies and evaluates China's carbon emissions and predicts future trends. The results show that reducing energy consumption and increasing the proportion of renewable energy can achieve China's carbon emission peak and strong decoupling of carbon emissions, economic growth, and social development.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Peng Wu et al.
Summary: This review comprehensively summarizes recent mechanical studies on hydrate-bearing sediment (HBS), clarifies the influences of several important parameters on the mechanical behavior of HBS, discusses corresponding particle-level mechanisms, and investigates the influences of hydrate exploitation techniques on the strength and deformation behavior of HBS. The proposed relationships and mechanisms provide insightful guidance for understanding the mechanical behavior of HBS and developing models for predicting the structural evolution of HBS during NGH exploration and exploitation.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Yanlong Li et al.
Summary: The study conducted experiments to analyze the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments with horizontally distributed hydrates, revealing that the behavior of sediment during shearing is mainly determined by the lower hydrate-saturated sub-layer.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Junchen Lv et al.
Summary: Understanding the pore behaviors and gas seepage of methane hydrate in sediments is crucial for gas hydrate reservoir exploitation. Experimental data showed that methane hydrates preferentially formed in areas with lower water saturation in homogeneous sand packs, while small grain size parts were preferred locations for nucleation in heterogeneous sand packs. The decomposition process of methane hydrates was found to consist of three stages, and gas permeability was analyzed to reveal a shift in hydrate occurrence mode with decreasing saturation. Additionally, flow obstruction due to hydrate barrier and sand migration was observed to be more severe in natural gas hydrate reservoirs.
Article
Engineering, Geological
YangPing Yao et al.
Summary: This study systematically analyzes the mechanical behaviors of granular soils under low confining pressure by introducing compressive hardening parameter and interlocking strength parameter, and establishes a unified hardening model for granular soils. Experimental data show that the UH-L model is capable of uniformly describing the stress-strain relations and strength of granular soils under low confining pressure.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lingli Pan et al.
Summary: This study reveals the influence of methane hydrate on fluid flow through simulations based on real 3D pore structures. The distribution of hydrate and sediment heterogeneity have significant impacts on permeability, explaining the wide range of relative permeability as a function of hydrate saturation.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL GAS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shi Shen et al.
Summary: The study investigated the mechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing sediments under different pore pressures and effective confining pressures through a series of tests, revealing that the strength of samples increased with increasing pressures. Additionally, factors influencing the failure stress points lines for the samples were identified, including the increase in cohesion with increasing pore pressure.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL GAS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Youhai Zhu et al.
Summary: China has been focusing on the research and development of natural gas hydrate resources, with multiple hydrate accumulations discovered in regions such as the South China Sea, East China Sea, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The estimated total reserve of natural gas hydrates in China is 131.1 trillion cubic meters. Since 2011, China has conducted five successful field tests of gas hydrates, with commercial production expected to begin in the 2030s.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Gan Cui et al.
Summary: The study demonstrated the significant impact of airflow conditions on the combustion characteristics of methane hydrate, with horizontal airflow resulting in high and bright flames, and vertical airflow contributing to stable combustion. The tilt angle of the flame varied in different stages of combustion, with higher combustion rates exhibiting stronger resistance against horizontal winds.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Zhun Zhang et al.
Summary: The study introduces a new testing assembly combining X-CT scans and low-field NMR tests to determine the pore-scale characteristics of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in situ. The results show that gas hydrate pores occur in a mixture of grain-coating, cementing, pore-filling, and patchy clusters, with the peak pore size increasing with decreasing hydrate saturation. The transverse surface relaxivity dependence on hydrate pore occurrences ranges from 67.1 to 129.3 mu m/s when the hydrate saturation is lower than 0.4, indicating a promising potential for understanding the structure evaluation of pore space during gas recovery.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
(2021)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Liang Lei et al.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2020)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lin Dong et al.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2020)
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Chuanliang Yan et al.
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Peng Wu et al.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH
(2020)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yanlong Li et al.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Nariman Mahabadi et al.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2019)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xuyang Zhang et al.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2019)
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Yonghai Gao et al.
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Tingting Luo et al.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2018)
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Jiaqi Wang et al.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL GAS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2018)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Zheng Rong Chong et al.
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Jiaqi Wang et al.
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Shun Uchida et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES
(2016)
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Yuanfang Cheng et al.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL GAS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2013)
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Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Ray Boswell et al.
MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
(2012)
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Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ray Boswell et al.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2011)
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Anjani Kumar et al.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2010)
