Central and local arterial stiffness in White Europeans compared to age-, sex-, and BMI-matched South Asians

Background Ethnicity impacts cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and South Asians demonstrate a higher risk than White Europeans. Arterial stiffness is known to contribute to CVD, and differences in arterial stiffness between ethnicities could explain the disparity in CVD risk. We compared central and local arterial stiffness between White Europeans and South Asians and investigated which factors are associated with arterial stiffness. Methods Data were collected from cohorts of White Europeans (the Netherlands) and South Asians (India). We matched cohorts on individual level using age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Arterial stiffness was measured with ARTSENS (R) Plus. Central stiffness was expressed as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV, m/s), and local carotid stiffness was quantified using the carotid stiffness index (Beta) and pressure-strain elastic modulus (Epsilon, kPa). We compared arterial stiffness between cohorts and used multivariable linear regression to identify factors related to stiffness. Results We included n = 121 participants per cohort (age 53 +/- 10 years, 55% male, BMI 24 kg/m2). Cf-PWV was lower in White Europeans compared to South Asians (6.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 8.2 +/- 1.8 m/s, p < 0.001), but no differences were found for local stiffness parameters Beta (5.4 +/- 2.4 vs. 5.8 +/- 2.3, p = 0.17) and Epsilon (72 +/- 35 vs. 70 +/- 31 kPa, p = 0.56). Age (standardized ss, 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.17-0.39), systolic blood pressure (0.32, 0.21-0.43), and South Asian ethnicity (0.46, 0.35-0.57) were associated with cf-PWV; associations were similar between cohorts (p > 0.05 for interaction). Systolic blood pressure was associated with carotid stiffness in both cohorts, whereas age was associated to carotid stiffness only in South Asians and BMI only in White Europeans. Conclusion Ethnicity is associated with central but not local arterial stiffness. Conversely, ethnicity seems to modify associations between CVD risk factors and local but not central arterial stiffness. This suggests that ethnicity interacts with arterial stiffness measures and the association of these measures with CVD risk factors.

Automated summary

This study compares arterial stiffness between White Europeans and South Asians and finds that ethnicity is associated with central arterial stiffness but not with local arterial stiffness. Moreover, ethnicity seems to modify associations between arterial stiffness measures and cardiovascular disease risk factors.