4.7 Review

Zoom-in to molecular mechanisms underlying root growth and function under heterogeneous soil environment and abiotic stresses

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Ilya V. Seregin et al.

Summary: Phytochelatins (PCs) are small peptides with cysteine-rich structures that can bind to metal(loid)s. They are mainly involved in detoxifying cadmium and arsenic (III) as well as other metal ions that have high affinities for SH-groups. This review provides a comprehensive account of the biosynthesis, structure, and role of PCs in metal(loid) transport and sequestration in plant cells. It also examines the role of PCs in hyperaccumulator and excluder plants and concludes that while PCs do not contribute to metal(loid) hyperaccumulation, they play a crucial role in metal(loid) homeostasis.

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Plasma membrane-associated calcium signaling regulates arsenate tolerance in Arabidopsis

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Summary: Arsenate (As[V]) is a widely distributed metalloid in various environments with heavy metal properties. It was found that As(V) stress induces a significant calcium signal in Arabidopsis roots, and a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK23) was identified to interact with the plasma membrane As(V)/Pi transporter PHT1;1. Mutants lacking CPK23 exhibited a sensitive phenotype under As(V) stress, while plants with constitutively active CPK23 showed tolerance. CPK23 phosphorylated the C-terminal domain of PHT1;1 at Ser514 and Ser520, and the phosphorylation at Ser514 was found to be essential for PHT1;1 function and localization under As(V) stress. The study reveals the role of plasma-membrane-associated calcium signaling in regulating As(V) tolerance and provides insights for crop bioengineering to address arsenate pollution.

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Lanxin Li et al.

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Guoqiang Huang et al.

Summary: Soil compaction poses a significant challenge to agriculture, inhibiting root elongation and affecting crop productivity. This study reveals that ethylene regulates the synthesis of auxin and abscisic acid, as well as cortical cell radial expansion, thereby impacting the ability of rice roots to penetrate compacted soil.

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Root twisting drives halotropism via stress-induced microtubule reorientation

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Cadmium Inhibits Lateral Root Emergence in Rice by Disrupting OsPIN-Mediated Auxin Distribution and the Protective Effect of OsHMA3

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Bipin K. Pandey et al.

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Cell surface and intracellular auxin signalling for H+ fluxes in root growth

Lanxin Li et al.

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Toru Okumura et al.

Summary: Under moderate salt stress, plant growth suppression is mediated by MYB3R transcription factors, which regulate the transcription of G2/M-specific genes. Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed a general downregulation of G2/M-specific genes in Arabidopsis under salt stress, which was significantly mitigated by the loss of MYB3R repressors, leading to improved growth performance. This growth recovery involves enhanced cell proliferation possibly through prolonging and accelerating cell proliferation, as suggested by enlarged root meristem and increased number of CYCB1;1-GUS positive cells.

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The SLIM1 transcription factor is required for arsenic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Timothy O. Jobe et al.

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FEBS LETTERS (2021)

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Low ABA concentration promotes root growth and hydrotropism through relief of ABA INSENSITIVE 1-mediated inhibition of plasma membrane H+-ATPase 2

Rui Miao et al.

Summary: The quadruple mutant Qabi2-2 lacking key negative regulators of ABA signaling, such as PP2Cs, displays increased apoplastic H+ efflux and enhanced root growth compared to the wild type. Low ABA concentration can promote apoplastic H+ efflux and growth in wild type, resembling the Qabi2-2 phenotype in normal medium. Additionally, asymmetric H+ efflux in the root elongation zone is crucial for root hydrotropism.

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Abscisic acid signaling activates distinct VND transcription factors to promote xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis

Prashanth Ramachandran et al.

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Arsenite provides a selective signal that coordinates arsenate uptake and detoxification through the regulation of PHR1 stability in Arabidopsis

Cristina Navarro et al.

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The tonoplast-localized transporter OsABCC9 is involved in cadmium tolerance and accumulation in rice

Guangzhe Yang et al.

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PLANT SCIENCE (2021)

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ENHANCED GRAVITROPISM 2 encodes a STERILE ALPHA MOTIF-containing protein that controls root growth angle in barley and wheat

K. Gwendolyn Kirschner et al.

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