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The status of the CRISPR/Cas9 research in plant-nematode interactions

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A G-type lectin receptor kinase negatively regulates Arabidopsis immunity against root-knot nematodes

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MG1 interacts with a protease inhibitor and confers resistance to rice root-knot nematode

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CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the susceptibility gene OsHPP04 in rice confers enhanced resistance to rice root-knot nematode

Qiuling Huang et al.

Summary: This study successfully induced targeted mutagenesis of the OsHPP04 gene in rice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and obtained genetically stable homozygous mutants without transgenic elements. These mutants show enhanced resistance to rice root-knot nematode and exhibit stronger immune responses. The results suggest that genetic modification of S genes through CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be a powerful tool to generate plant varieties resistant to plant-parasitic nematode.

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AtSWEET1 negatively regulates plant susceptibility to root-knot nematode disease

Yuan Zhou et al.

Summary: It was found that the SWEET gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana plays an important role in the infection of root-knot nematode. Among them, AtSWEET1 is the most sensitive and has the highest induced expression level as a glucose transporter gene. It was demonstrated that AtSWEET1 was specifically induced in the galls of transgenic plants. Genetic studies showed that parasitism of Meloidogyne incognita was significantly affected in atsweet1 compared to wild-type and complementation plants.

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Mutations in Selected ABA-Related Genes Reduce Level of Arabidopsis thaliana Susceptibility to the Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii

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Victor Phani et al.

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Shengnan Li et al.

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Summary: The potential contributions of genome-edited crops to address various global challenges are widely recognized, but concerns about associated risks need to be addressed. Scientific risks of genome-edited crops are comparable to conventional breeding methods, but failure to tackle regulatory and legal issues can prevent the realization of potential benefits.

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Local auxin synthesis mediated by YUCCA4 induced during root-knot nematode infection positively regulates gall growth and nematode development

Reira Suzuki et al.

Summary: Parasites and pathogens manipulate the host's signaling pathways to aid the infection process. This study focuses on the role of auxin synthesis, particularly by YUCCA4 (YUC4), in the development of root galls caused by plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN). Inhibition of auxin synthesis decreases gall formation rates and size, while the application of auxin and analogues has the opposite effect. It is also found that YUC4 is dramatically up-regulated during RKN infection, suggesting its importance in auxin accumulation during gall formation. Although the loss of YUC4 can be compensated by other auxin sources, it is required for proper gall formation and RKN development. Furthermore, YUC4 promoter is activated during cyst nematode infection as well, suggesting the induction of auxin biosynthesis from multiple sources during plant endoparasitic nematode invasion. These findings highlight the complexity of hormonal regulation in plant parasitic nematode interactions.

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Aphelenchoides besseyi Ab-FAR-1 Interacts with Arabidopsis thaliana AtADF3 to Interfere with Actin Cytoskeleton, and Promotes Nematode Parasitism and Pathogenicity

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Shahid Siddique et al.

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SlWRKY45 interacts with jasmonate-ZIM domain proteins to negatively regulate defense against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato

Huang Huang et al.

Summary: Parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKNs) severely reduce crop yield and pose a serious threat to agricultural production. Jasmonates (JAs) are important plant hormones regulating resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of JAs-regulated defense against RKNs in tomato is still unclear. This study discovered that the transcription factor SlWRKY45 interacts with most JAZs, key repressors of JA signaling. Mutants with slwrky45 showed lower gall and egg numbers per gram of roots after Meloidogyne incognita infection, while overexpression of SlWRKY45 weakened resistance to Meloidogyne incognita. SlWRKY45 overexpression repressed the contents of JA and JA-Ile in roots under M. incognita infection. Additionally, SlWRKY45 bound to and inhibited the promoter of the JA biosynthesis gene AOC, repressing its expression. Overall, the findings revealed that the interaction protein SlWRKY45 attenuates JA biosynthesis regulated by RKNs and represses defense against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato.

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Delyan Zafirov et al.

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The root-knot nematode effector MiEFF18 interacts with the plant core spliceosomal protein SmD1 required for giant cell formation

Joffrey Mejias et al.

Summary: The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita secretes specific effectors (MiEFF) that induce the redifferentiation of plant root cells into multinucleate feeding 'giant cells'. MiEFF18 protein is localized in salivary glands and nuclei of giant cells, affecting alternative splicing and proteome diversity by interacting with the nuclear ribonucleoprotein SmD1. Moreover, MiEFF18 modulates SmD1 functions to facilitate giant cell formation, affecting the susceptibility of Arabidopsis smd1b mutants to nematode infection and leading to developmental defects in giant cells.

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Versatile Applications of the CRISPR/Cas Toolkit in Plant Pathology and Disease Management

Matthew S. Wheatley et al.

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Oxylipins are implicated as communication signals in tomato-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) interaction

Nathalia Fitoussi et al.

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The Meloidogyne graminicola effector MgMO289 targets a novel copper metallochaperone to suppress immunity in rice

Handa Song et al.

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