Approximate Autonomous Quantum Error Correction with Reinforcement Learning

Autonomous quantum error correction (AQEC) protects logical qubits by engineered dissipation and thus circumvents the necessity of frequent, error-prone measurement-feedback loops. Bosonic code spaces, where single-photon loss represents the dominant source of error, are promising candidates for AQEC due to their flexibility and controllability. While existing proposals have demonstrated the in-principle feasibility of AQEC with bosonic code spaces, these schemes are typically based on the exact implementation of the Knill-Laflamme conditions and thus require the realization of Hamiltonian distances d & GE; 2. Implementing such Hamiltonian distances requires multiple nonlinear interactions and control fields, rendering these schemes experimentally challenging. Here, we propose a bosonic code for approximate AQEC by relaxing the Knill-Laflamme conditions. Using reinforcement learning (RL), we identify the optimal bosonic set of code words (denoted here by RL code), which, surprisingly, is composed of the Fock states 12) and 14). As we show, the RL code, despite its approximate nature, successfully suppresses single-photon loss, reducing it to an effective dephasing process that well surpasses the break-even threshold. It may thus provide a valuable building block toward full error protection. The error-correcting Hamiltonian, which includes ancilla systems that emulate the engineered dissipation, is entirely based on the Hamiltonian distance d = 1, significantly reducing model complexity. Single-qubit gates are implemented in the RL code with a maximum distance dg = 2.

Automated summary

Autonomous quantum error correction (AQEC) protects logical qubits by engineered dissipation, and a promising candidate for AQEC is bosonic code spaces. We propose a bosonic code for approximate AQEC by relaxing the Knill-Laflamme conditions, using reinforcement learning (RL) to identify the optimal bosonic set of code words. The RL code successfully suppresses single-photon loss, surpassing the break-even threshold and providing a valuable building block towards full error protection.