Revealing the Nonequilibrium Nature of a Granular Intruder: The Crucial Role of Non-Gaussian Behavior

The characterization of the distance from equilibrium is a debated problem in particular in the treatment of experimental signals. If the signal is a one-dimensional time series, such a goal becomes challenging. A paradigmatic example is the angular diffusion of a rotator immersed in a vibro-fluidized granular gas. Here, we experimentally observe that the rotator's angular velocity exhibits significant differences with respect to an equilibrium process. Exploiting the presence of two relevant timescales and non-Gaussian velocity increments, we quantify the breakdown of time-reversal asymmetry, which would vanish in the case of a 1D Gaussian process. We deduce a new model for the massive probe, with two linearly coupled variables, incorporating both Gaussian and Poissonian noise, the latter motivated by the rarefied collisions with the granular bath particles. Our model reproduces the experiment in a range of densities, from dilute to moderately dense, with a meaningful dependence of the parameters on the density. We believe the framework proposed here opens the way to a more consistent and meaningful treatment of out-ofequilibrium and dissipative systems.

Automated summary

This study presents experimental observations of significant differences between the rotator's angular velocity in an out-of-equilibrium process and the equilibrium process. A new model is proposed, incorporating both Gaussian and Poissonian noise, which successfully reproduces the experimental results at different densities. This research provides a more consistent and meaningful framework for the treatment of out-of-equilibrium and dissipative systems.