Climate extremes likely to drive land mammal extinction during next supercontinent assembly

Mammals have dominated Earth for approximately 55 Myr thanks to their adaptations and resilience to warming and cooling during the Cenozoic. All life will eventually perish in a runaway greenhouse once absorbed solar radiation exceeds the emission of thermal radiation in several billions of years. However, conditions rendering the Earth naturally inhospitable to mammals may develop sooner because of long-term processes linked to plate tectonics (short-term perturbations are not considered here). In similar to 250 Myr, all continents will converge to form Earth's next supercontinent, Pangea Ultima. A natural consequence of the creation and decay of Pangea Ultima will be extremes in p(CO2) due to changes in volcanic rifting and outgassing. Here we show that increased p(CO2), solar energy (F-circle dot; approximately +2.5% W m(-2) greater than today) and continentality (larger range in temperatures away from the ocean) lead to increasing warming hostile to mammalian life. We assess their impact on mammalian physiological limits (dry bulb, wet bulb and Humidex heat stress indicators) as well as a planetary habitability index. Given mammals' continued survival, predicted background p(CO2) levels of 410-816 ppm combined with increased F-circle dot will probably lead to a climate tipping point and their mass extinction. The results also highlight how global landmass configuration, p(CO2) and F-circle dot play a critical role in planetary habitability.

Automated summary

Mammals have dominated Earth for 55 million years due to their adaptations to climate change. However, long-term plate tectonic processes may make Earth inhospitable to mammals. The convergence of continents into a supercontinent will cause extreme climate changes and gas emissions, which will negatively impact mammalian life.