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Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Andrea Cordaro et al.
Summary: As traditional microelectronic technology reaches its limits in speed and power consumption, there is a strong demand for novel computing strategies. Analogue optical computing has the advantage of processing large amounts of data at high speeds with negligible energy costs. Researchers have recently explored ultrathin optical metasurfaces for real-time image processing, particularly for edge detection. By incorporating feedback, they have also demonstrated that metamaterials can be used to solve complex mathematical problems, although this has been limited to guided-wave systems and large setups. This study presents an ultrathin Si metasurface-based platform for analogue computing, capable of solving Fredholm integral equations of the second kind using free-space visible radiation. The device combines an inverse-designed Si-based metagrating with a semitransparent mirror to perform the required Neumann series and solve the equation in the analogue domain at the speed of light. The use of visible wavelength operation enables a compact, ultrathin device that can be integrated on a chip and has high processing speeds.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Optics
Amir Arbabi et al.
Summary: Optical metalenses, which are arrays of submicrometre scatterers that collectively focus light, have gained increasing research interest due to their ability to realize conventional optical elements with novel functionalities. Their progress is driven by the demand for low-cost, high-performance miniaturized optical systems and is supported by advancements in nanofabrication and computational tools. This review discusses the capabilities of metalenses, such as their multifunctionality and efficient subwavelength focusing, and explores their potential applications and current state of the art. The outstanding challenges in the field are also highlighted, along with the application areas where metalenses could have a substantial impact.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Yuttana Intaravanne et al.
Summary: In this paper, a microscope with multiple functionalities is proposed and developed based on spatial multiplexing and polarization splitting. A novel geometric metasurface is used to achieve spiral phase profile and phase gradient profiles, enabling simultaneous imaging with different optical properties. Experimental results validate its capabilities in edge imaging, polarimetric imaging, and conventional microscope imaging.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mu Ku Chen et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates an intelligent and compact depth-sensing meta-device that is capable of measuring depth in various light levels. It utilizes a compact and multifunction stereo vision system with an array of 3600 achromatic meta-lenses to collect light field information and project structured light using a light source. The depth information can be analyzed and extracted using convolutional neural networks.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Joohoon Kim et al.
Summary: The authors propose a method for scalable manufacturing of metalenses using deep-ultraviolet argon fluoride immersion lithography and wafer-scale nanoimprint lithography, which opens a route towards their low-cost, high-throughput mass production. Metalenses are attractive alternatives to conventional bulky refractive lenses due to their superior light-modulating performance and sub-micrometre-scale thicknesses. The existing fabrication techniques have limitations in terms of high cost, low throughput, and small patterning area, which hinder the mass production of metalenses. The authors demonstrate low-cost and high-throughput mass production of large-aperture visible metalenses using the proposed method, resulting in a substantial increase in conversion efficiency.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marcus Ossiander et al.
Summary: We demonstrate experimentally that metasurfaces can effectively focus extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light by exploiting the refractive property of holes in a silicon membrane. Our approach allows for controlling the transmission phase at the nanoscale by adjusting the hole diameter, enabling the fabrication of an EUV metalens with a focal length of 10 millimeters and numerical apertures of up to 0.05. This metalens can focus ultrashort EUV light bursts down to a waist of 0.7 micrometers, introducing light-shaping possibilities to a spectral regime lacking transmissive optics materials.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xinwei Wang et al.
Summary: The authors propose a metasurface-assisted isotropic DIC microscopy technique, which converts rectilinear shear into rotationally symmetric radial shear for single-shot isotropic imaging capabilities. DIC microscopy has been widely used in various fields, such as cellular morphology and particle tracking. However, current commercial DIC microscopy based on prisms only generates anisotropic contrast imaging. The proposed i-DIC microscopy, based on a novel pattern of radial shear interferometry, offers a compact and isotropic imaging solution with the fusion of meta-optics, traditional microscopes, and integrated optical systems.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sunae So et al.
Summary: Metasurface-generated holography is a promising method for reproducing vivid scenes by manipulating light's optical properties using compact devices. However, achieving multiple holographic images with a single metasurface is difficult due to capacity limitations. This study presents an inverse design method using gradient-descent optimization to encode multiple holographic information into a single metasurface. By exploiting this method, multiplane RGB color holograms and 3D holograms are designed and experimentally demonstrated. The research findings demonstrate the high-density holography achievable with a single metasurface, providing a route for practical metasurface-generated holography.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Youngjin Kim et al.
Summary: The metalens combines hyperbolic phase and spiral phase to achieve high-resolution 2D isotropic edge-enhanced imaging with a compact form factor. This technology provides an opportunity for the development of biomedical imaging and analog computing.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hui Zhang et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates the simultaneous generation of coherent laser arrays with different topological charges by combining metalenses with semiconductor microlasers. The microlaser emission is collimated into vortex microlaser beams with different topological charges through a time-reversal process. By introducing off-axis terms, the concept is extended to a 2 x 2 metalens array, producing eight topological charges simultaneously.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jiaping Cheng et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates an ultracompact on-chip OAM sorter using TiO2 metasurfaces integrated onto a CMOS camera, which efficiently separates OAM beams with different topological charges and achieves low crosstalk.
Article
Optics
Trevon Badloe et al.
Summary: The nanostructured metasurfaces provide a platform for high-performance color printing, active multicolor cryptographic applications, and tunable pixels towards high-performance full-color reflective displays.
LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Optics
Weiwei Fu et al.
Summary: The study introduces an all-optical convolutional computing method utilizing a metasurface imager to modify kernel functions unlimitedly, enriching the toolkit of all-optical computing. This approach bridges multi-functionality and high-integration in all-optical convolutions.
LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Optics
Joohoon Kim et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates a high-efficiency hologram fabrication method using nanomanufacturing techniques, showing record high theoretical efficiency at a single wavelength and high efficiency over a broad wavelength range. The method offers high throughput and low cost, which could accelerate the practical application of metasurface holography.
LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Haoran Ren et al.
Summary: The authors have successfully fabricated a 3D achromatic diffractive metalens on the end face of a single-mode fiber, capable of achieving achromatic and polarization-insensitive focusing. This technology has potential applications in various fields, including endoscopic imaging, laser treatment, deep tissue imaging, and fiber-optic communications.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Byoungsu Ko et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates the fabrication of tunable and erasable optical security metasurfaces using a nanoimprinting technique with nanostructured polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The PVA nanostructures exhibit high resolution and aspect ratios, and their response to changes in relative humidity allows for precise wavefront manipulation of visible light. Various highly-secure multiplexed optical encryption functionalities are achieved based on irreversible and reversible changes in relative humidity.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Review
Optics
Trevon Badloe et al.
Summary: The increasing amount of processed information is driving the demand for new computing systems, and photonic computing is emerging as an attractive alternative due to its high-speed calculations, massive parallelism, and low energy consumption. This review discusses the physical implementation of basic optical calculations using metamaterials, as well as the realization of all-optical artificial neural networks. The article provides an introduction to the mathematical principles behind optical computation methods, and explores the advantages, current problems, and potential future directions in this field.
ADVANCED PHOTONICS
(2022)
Review
Optics
Lianlin Li et al.
Summary: Controlling electromagnetic waves and information simultaneously using information metasurfaces is crucial in modern society. Intelligent metasurfaces combine engineered ultrathin structures with active devices and algorithms to manipulate wave-information-matter interactions without manual intervention. This review discusses the recent progress and applications of intelligent metasurfaces in wireless communication architectures and wave-based computing, as well as highlights the challenges and potential routes for further development.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Junghyun Park et al.
Summary: Spatial light modulators are essential for regulating the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light, while static and active metasurfaces serve as alternatives for miniaturized optical components. A new all-solid-state, electrically tunable, and reflective metasurface array has been developed to generate specific or continuous phase modulation with independent amplitude adjustment. This design includes individually addressable nanoresonators with two independent control parameters for adjusting the reflection coefficient in each nanoresonator.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Shuyan Zhang et al.
Summary: Metasurfaces, as a cutting-edge nanophotonics concept, have demonstrated great potential in biomedical engineering for various bioimaging and biosensing applications. This review article covers the state of the art of metasurface technology in biomedical applications and provides insights into both challenges and opportunities in this field.
Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Farzad Zangeneh-Nejad et al.
Summary: Metamaterials provide a platform for ultra-fast computational tasks using optical signals, with wave-based analogue computing systems offering faster speeds and lower power consumption compared to digital processors. Novel schemes based on metamaterials promise a new generation of ultra-fast and efficient computing hardware for applications like image processing and machine learning.
NATURE REVIEWS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Optics
Kuang Zhang et al.
Summary: The study introduces a novel design of metasurfaces that can generate multiple integer and fractional OAM modes simultaneously, expanding upon the traditional PB phase concept. The feasibility of the scheme in the microwave regime is experimentally validated, demonstrating the transmission capability of different OAM modes.
LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Younghwan Yang et al.
Summary: The high refractive index of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) at optical frequencies is important for modulating light, but its high extinction coefficient has limited its widespread use. By adjusting chemical deposition conditions to control hydrogenation and silicon disorder, a low-loss a-Si:H material has been developed with an extinction coefficient as low as 0.082 at 450 nm. This material shows promise for efficient photonic operation in the visible spectrum and has been validated through beam-steering metasurfaces with measured efficiencies up to 75%.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Melissa Bosch et al.
Summary: An ultrathin electrically controlled varifocal lens based on liquid crystal encapsulated dielectric metasurfaces is capable of continuous zoom and up to 20% total focal shift. The concept of LC-based metalens is experimentally verified through the design and fabrication of a bifocal metalens, allowing high-contrast switching between two discrete focal lengths upon application of a voltage bias. Due to their ultrathin thickness and adaptable design, LC-driven dielectric metasurfaces offer new opportunities for compact varifocal lensing in a variety of modern imaging applications.
Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Inki Kim et al.
Summary: This review discusses the technological challenges of applying nanophotonics in LiDAR, the basic principles of LiDAR and overcoming hardware limitations, the characteristics of nanophotonic platforms, and the future trends in integrating nanophotonic technologies into commercially viable, fast, ultrathin, and lightweight LiDAR systems.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chunghwan Jung et al.
Summary: Traditional OVDs face risks in the face of increasing counterfeit threats; Metasurfaces, as candidates for the new generation of OVDs, exhibit multiple optical responses and provide a more robust solution for optical anti-counterfeiting; mOVDs have multiple optical responses, are difficult to reverse engineer, and are key points of discussion in terms of fabrication methods and classification.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Inki Kim et al.
Summary: The authors introduced a bi-functional metasurface that combines structural color printing and polarization encoded vectorial holography, showcasing an electrically tunable optical security platform for advanced encryption applications. This metasurface offers versatile polarization control with eight channels, where structural color prints are observed under white light and polarization encoded holograms are reconstructed under laser illumination. A proof-of-concept electrically tunable optical security platform, doubly encrypted for security and anticounterfeiting applications, is developed incorporating liquid crystals.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Trevon Badloe et al.
Summary: Researchers demonstrated an electrically controllable bifocal metalens at visible wavelengths, with liquid crystals for actively manipulating the focal length. The metalens showed highly efficient focusing performance with a measured focusing efficiency of around 44%, and could switch focus between two designed focal planes through electrical modulation.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Pengfei Shi et al.
Summary: This study proposed a method for achieving maximum efficiency ET through arbitrary-shaped subwavelength apertures at specific frequencies by designing MTM microstructure using topology optimization. The model is based on the shape of the aperture and optimization of MTM.
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Trevon Badloe et al.
Summary: Metasurfaces in the field of nanophotonics have gained attention due to their sub-wavelength dimensions and lightweight characteristics. Research has focused on developing high-performance metasurfaces with optical properties that outperform conventional optics. The future direction is to develop actively tunable metasurfaces for wider applications.
ADVANCED PHOTONICS RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Joohoon Kim et al.
Summary: Metasurfaces made of subwavelength structures, known as meta-atoms, have been attracting attention for their advantages in high-resolution holographic images, large field of view, and compact device volume. In this review, metasurface holography is classified based on meta-atom design methodologies, which can expand hologram functionalities. The interaction of light and matter in metasurface systems is described using the Jones matrix to explain modulations of light amplitude, phase, and polarization.
Article
Optics
Hyounghan Kwon et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Gwanho Yoon et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Pengcheng Huo et al.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yueyi Yuan et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yanjun Bao et al.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Haoran Ren et al.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yueyi Yuan et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
Review
Optics
Jungho Mun et al.
LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Inki Kim et al.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2020)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Wei Ting Chen et al.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2018)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Monika Ritsch-Marte
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(2017)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
J. P. Balthasar Mueller et al.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2017)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
M. Khorasaninejad et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alexandre Silva et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nanfang Yu et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
RA Shelby et al.
