Identification of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from Celery Seeds Using Affinity Ultrafiltration-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Celery seeds have been used as an effective dietary supplement to manage hyperuricemia and diminish gout recurrence. Xanthine oxidase (XOD), the critical enzyme responsible for uric acid production, represents the most promising target for anti-hyperuricemia in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to establish a method based on affinity ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) to directly and rapidly identify the bioactive compounds contributing to the XOD-inhibitory effects of celery seed crude extracts. Chemical profiling of celery seed extracts was performed using UPLC-TOF/MS. The structure was elucidated by matching the multistage fragment ion data to the database and publications of high-resolution natural product mass spectrometry. Thirty-two compounds, including fourteen flavonoids and six phenylpeptides, were identified from celery seed extracts. UF-LC-MS showed that luteolin-7-O-apinosyl glucoside, luteolin-7-Oglucoside, luteolin-7-O-malonyl apinoside, luteolin-7-O-6 '-malonyl glucoside, luteolin, apigenin, and chrysoeriol were potential binding compounds of XOD. A further enzyme activity assay demonstrated that celery seed extract (IC50 = 1.98 mg/mL), luteolin-7-O-apinosyl glucoside (IC50 = 3140.51 mu mol/L), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (IC50 = 975.83 mu mol/L), luteolin-7-O-6 '-malonyl glucoside (IC50 = 2018.37 mu mol/L), luteolin (IC50 = 69.23 mu mol/L), apigenin (IC50 = 92.56 mu mol/L), and chrysoeriol (IC50 = 40.52 mu mol/L) could dose-dependently inhibit XOD activities. This study highlighted UF-LC-MS as a useful platform for screening novel XOD inhibitors and revealed the chemical basis of celery seed as an anti-gout dietary supplement.

Automated summary

This study established a method using affinity ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) to identify the bioactive compounds in celery seed extracts that contribute to the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XOD). Thirty-two compounds, including flavonoids and phenylpeptides, were identified. Enzyme activity assays demonstrated that celery seed extract and several compounds could dose-dependently inhibit XOD.