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Review
Microbiology
Hannah E. Davis et al.
Summary: Long COVID is a common and debilitating illness that affects at least 10% of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, with a wide range of symptoms and impacts on multiple organ systems. There are an estimated 65 million individuals worldwide with long COVID, and the number of cases is increasing daily. Current diagnostic and treatment options are insufficient, and there is a need for clinical trials to address leading hypotheses. Future research should account for biases and testing issues, build on viral-onset research, include marginalized populations, and meaningfully engage patients.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Hiromu Kehara et al.
Summary: From January 2021 to April 2022, 20 patients underwent lung transplantation for COVID-related lung failure. Among them, 55% had chronic lung disease before contracting COVID-19, and all required hospitalization for antivirus treatment. Postoperative complications included severe primary graft dysfunction and deep venous thrombosis.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tina Krueger et al.
Summary: This study aimed to characterize pulmonary function impairment in COVID-19 survivors three to five months after hospital discharge and its association with disease severity. The findings showed that many COVID-19 survivors, especially those with severe disease, had persistent pulmonary function impairments, mainly in terms of diffusion capacity, three to five months after discharge. Monitoring is necessary to evaluate the persistence of these symptoms and the long-term implications of COVID-19 burden.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Manon Venet et al.
Summary: The authors demonstrate that in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) is impaired, leading to reduced production of type I interferon and possibly lower viral control. This study suggests that pDC activation is essential to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, and failure to develop this response could be important in understanding severe cases of COVID-19.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Pathology
Justin E. Johnson et al.
Summary: Severe COVID-19 patients showed frequent and extensive thrombosis in the heart along with signs of neutrophil activation within myocardial thrombi. This suggests that alterations in circulating neutrophils may contribute to the increased thrombotic diathesis in the hearts of COVID-19 patients.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Chansavath Phetsouphanh et al.
Summary: Phetsouphanh and colleagues found that individuals with long COVID exhibit persistent activation of the immune system even 8 months after infection. They also identified a set of analytes associated with long COVID, suggesting potential opportunities for prevention and treatment.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Avraham Unterman et al.
Summary: Using multi-omics single-cell analysis, this study reveals the immune abnormalities associated with progressive COVID-19, including S100A(hi)/HLA-DRlo classical monocytes and activated LAG-3(hi) T cells. It also finds a correlation between T cell receptor repertoire and B cell somatic hypermutation frequency with disease progression.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Medical Laboratory Technology
Anja C. Roden et al.
Summary: This study reveals that patients infected with COVID-19 not only exhibit diffuse alveolar damage, but also frequently have acute bronchopneumonia and aspiration pneumonia. These findings emphasize the importance of managing these patients effectively.
ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Respiratory System
Alain C. Borczuk
Summary: COVID-19 lung injury is commonly diffuse alveolar damage, which can be temporally heterogeneous. Pathological studies help distinguish complications of therapy from primary viral-induced injury.
CURRENT OPINION IN PULMONARY MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Philipp Georg et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Daniel Wendisch et al.
Summary: Analysis of pulmonary immune responses and lung pathology in patients with COVID-19 ARDS revealed an accumulation of profibrotic macrophages and similarities with macrophage populations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induced a profibrotic phenotype in human monocytes, suggesting a mechanistic link between the virus and fibroproliferative ARDS.
Article
Hematology
Leo Nicolai et al.
Summary: Our study reveals that vascular neutrophil recruitment, NETosis, and subsequent immunothrombosis are typical features of severe COVID-19, but less prominent in influenza pneumonia when comparing histopathological specimens of SARS-CoV-2 with influenza-affected lungs. Activated neutrophils were typically found in physical association with monocytes.
JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Erola Pairo-Castineira et al.
Summary: In critically ill patients with COVID-19, host genetic variants associated with antiviral defense mechanisms and inflammatory organ damage were identified through a genome-wide association study. These genetic signals provide potential targets for therapeutic development and repurposing of existing drugs. Large-scale randomized clinical trials will be essential to confirm the effectiveness of targeted treatment strategies.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xianwen Ren et al.
Summary: The study revealed the presence of immune response dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, with different peripheral immune subtype changes associated with clinical features such as age, sex, severity, and disease stages. Additionally, dramatic transcriptomic changes were observed within virus-infected cells, and upregulation of S100A8/A9 in peripheral blood may contribute to the cytokine storms frequently observed in severe patients.
Article
Cell Biology
Si Wang et al.
Summary: This study provides insights into the molecular basis of lung pathology in COVID-19 patients through multi-omics and single-nucleus transcriptomic analysis, identifying pathological features associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection such as hyperinflammation, alveolar epithelial cell exhaustion, vascular changes, and fibrosis. It also highlights lung senescence as a molecular state of COVID-19 pathology and suggests FOXO3A suppression as a potential mechanism for COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis.
NATURE CELL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Werner J. D. Ouwendijk et al.
Summary: Studies have shown that critically ill patients with COVID-19 have elevated levels of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in their blood and respiratory tract samples. These NETs may contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by SARS-CoV-2.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Respiratory System
Boun Kim Tan et al.
Summary: The prevalence of VTE is high in COVID-19 patients, especially in those admitted to the ICU, while the prevalence of ATE is relatively low and further research is needed.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Vineet Chopra et al.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Laura Bergamaschi et al.
Summary: The kinetics of immune changes in COVID-19 across different severity groups show that early bystander CD8(+) T cell immune response is prominent in asymptomatic or mild diseases, while severe cases have persistent cellular abnormalities and immune defects, which may increase clinical risks.
Article
Pathology
Clare Bryce et al.
Summary: The study reports the first 100 COVID-19-positive autopsies performed in New York City, revealing widespread effects including diffuse alveolar damage, large pulmonary emboli, microthrombi in multiple organ systems, and presence of the virus in samples. Laboratory results showed elevated inflammatory markers, abnormal coagulation values, and increased cytokines.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Eric Y. Wang et al.
Summary: COVID-19 patients show increased autoantibody reactivities against immunomodulatory proteins, which may affect immune function and lead to different clinical outcomes.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Johannes C. Melms et al.
Summary: Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of lung tissues from individuals who died of COVID-19 revealed a highly inflamed lung environment with impaired T cell responses and failed transition of alveolar type 2 cells. Additionally, expansion of pathological fibroblasts contributing to rapidly ensuing pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-19 was identified as a unique feature compared to other causes of pneumonia.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Toni M. Delorey et al.
Summary: This study using single-cell and spatial atlases revealed the impact of COVID-19 infection on lung, kidney, liver, and heart tissues, showing structural remodeling and viral RNA enrichment. Differences in lung inflammatory responses and transcriptional alterations in heart tissue of COVID-19 patients were also identified, along with cell types and genes associated with disease severity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Andre F. Rendeiro et al.
Summary: Recent studies using high-parameter imaging mass cytometry have provided insights into the cellular composition and spatial architecture of acute lung injury in humans, including injuries derived from SARS-CoV-2 infection. It was found that SARS-CoV-2 predominantly infects alveolar epithelial cells and induces a localized hyperinflammatory cell state associated with lung damage. As COVID-19 progresses, there is increased macrophage extravasation, along with increased numbers of mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts, possibly indicating attempts to repair the damaged lung tissue. The data generated help in developing a biologically interpretable landscape of lung pathology at both macroscopic and single-cell levels, providing a basis for understanding COVID-19 and lung pathology.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ani Nalbandian et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, causing global healthcare crises. Recovery from COVID-19 may lead to persistent symptoms and long-term complications, prompting the need for multidisciplinary care and follow-up for survivors.
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Xiaojun Wu et al.
Summary: Most patients recovering from severe COVID-19 showed improvement in dyspnoea scores and exercise capacity over time, but a subgroup of patients still exhibited persistent physiological and radiographic changes at 12 months post-discharge. A unified pathway for respiratory follow-up is needed for COVID-19 patients.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Ankit Bharat et al.
Summary: This study found that lung transplantation is the only option for survival in some severe, unresolving COVID-19-associated ARDS patients, and the procedure can be done successfully with good early post-transplantation outcomes in carefully selected patients.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Samantha M. Morrissey et al.
Summary: COVID-19 patients exhibit a population of low-density inflammatory neutrophils expressing intermediate levels of CD16, which play a role in the associated coagulopathy, systemic inflammation, and ARDS. Monitoring the frequency of this LDN subset in the circulation may serve as an adjunct clinical marker for disease status and progression, as it is associated with D-dimer, ferritin, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Gregory A. Roth et al.
Summary: In this retrospective cohort study involving 20,736 adults with COVID-19 in the United States, in-hospital mortality rates decreased after March and April and remained at a lower level from May through November, regardless of changes in patient characteristics.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Benedetta Sposito et al.
Summary: The study found that high levels of IFN-III, and to a lesser extent IFN-I, in the upper airways of COVID-19 patients with high viral burden indicate reduced disease risk or severity. Specific IFN-III members denote patients with a mild pathology and protect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while IFNs in the lower airways of patients with severe COVID-19 are associated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. The data demonstrate a dynamic production of IFNs in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and show opposing roles of IFNs at distinct anatomical sites.
Article
Immunology
Julia Gschwend et al.
Summary: Research shows that GM-CSF is a key signaling molecule for alveolar macrophages, provided by both immune and nonimmune cells. AT2-derived GM-CSF plays a crucial role in guiding AM fate and maintaining AMs.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Luz E. Cabrera et al.
Summary: This study identifies a population of low-density granulocytes (LDGs) in COVID-19 patients, which exhibit immature phenotypes and immunosuppressive characteristics, possibly contributing to disease progression. These findings suggest that LDG may play a role in severe COVID-19 characterized by extensive pulmonary complications.
Article
Immunology
Paul Bastard et al.
Summary: Autoantibodies neutralizing interferons are present in a significant percentage of critical COVID-19 patients, especially in older individuals, and their prevalence increases with age.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Takaki Asano et al.
Summary: A study revealed that rare X-linked TLR7 variants were found in 16 unrelated male individuals with critical COVID-19 pneumonia out of a cohort of 1202 male patients. No such variants were detected in 331 asymptomatic or mildly infected male individuals.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Hyung J. Chun et al.
Summary: This study found that biological factors related to neutrophil activation, fibrosis signaling, and alveolar repair may be novel therapeutic or prognostic targets for individuals recovering from COVID-19 with persistent respiratory symptoms.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Tellen D. Bennett et al.
Summary: The study evaluated COVID-19 severity and risk factors in over 1.9 million US adults, finding that machine learning models can accurately predict clinical severity. It also observed a decrease in COVID-19 mortality over time in 2020 and identified associations between patient demographic characteristics and comorbidities with higher clinical severity.
Article
Cell Biology
Sloan A. Lewis et al.
Summary: This study examined the phenotypic, transcriptional and functional changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of young and old COVID-19 patients to reveal age-, time- and severity-specific adaptations. Older patients with severe COVID-19 exhibited reduced B cell and T cell responses, elevated levels of myeloid cell recruiting factors, and changes in monocyte and dendritic cell subsets. The analysis provides new insights into the impact of aging on COVID-19.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Dominic Wichmann et al.
ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2020)
Letter
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Bin Ren et al.
Article
Cell Biology
Thomas Menter et al.
Review
Immunology
Betsy J. Barnes et al.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Medical Laboratory Technology
Cynthia Magro et al.
TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
(2020)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
David A. Berlin et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Hematology
Hanny Al-Samkari et al.
Article
Cell Biology
Jennifer L. Sauter et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jonas Schulte-Schrepping et al.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Seda Bilaloglu et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2020)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Angelo Carfi et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Leticia Kuri-Cervantes et al.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Robert Lorenz Chua et al.
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jin-Wen Song et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Coraline Radermecker et al.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Flavio Protasio Veras et al.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Pathology
Alain C. Borczuk et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jan C. Holter et al.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Paul Bastard et al.
Article
Cell Biology
Ankit Bharat et al.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
V Brinkmann et al.
