4.7 Review

Paper-based electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral diseases

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High enrichment and near real-time quantification of airborne viruses using a wet-paper-based electrochemical immunosensor under an electrostatic field

Jyoti Bhardwaj et al.

Summary: Conventional airborne virus measurement usually takes a long time. In this study, a near real-time enrichment and quantification system for airborne viruses was developed. The system consists of a wet-paper-based electrochemical immunosensor and a modified electrostatic particle concentrator, which allows for efficient enrichment and measurement of airborne viruses. The system can measure virus particle concentrations every 10 minutes for 60 minutes in horizontal and tilted measurement configurations.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2023)

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Silicone glue-based graphite ink incorporated on paper platform as an affordable approach to construct stable electrochemical sensors

Lucas F. Castro et al.

Summary: This study describes the development of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) using carbon-based paste combining silicone glue and graphite powder. The ePADs were manufactured using the screen-printing technique and an alternative electrical connector. The proposed ePADs showed high repeatability, reproducibility, and stable responses, and had linear response for ascorbic acid (AA) in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 mmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 4.0 mu mol L-1. The ePADs were evaluated for AA analysis in synthetic biofluids, vitamin C tablets, and food samples, and exhibited similar or even superior performance compared to other reports in the literature, showing its feasibility for sensing applications.

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Modulating the Electrochemical Response of Eco-Friendly Laser-Pyrolyzed Paper Sensors Applied to Nitrite Determination

Juliana L. M. Gongoni et al.

Summary: Miniaturized paper-based electrochemical sensors were fabricated using kraft paper and CO2 laser, eliminating the need for chemical reagents and controlled conditions. The study optimized the paper type and laser processing parameters to improve the electrodes' performance. Electrochemical treatment further enhanced the sensors' electroactive area and roughness, resulting in improved selectivity and sensitivity for nitrite determination. The sensors also demonstrated good repeatability and batch-to-batch reproducibility. This work presents a sustainable approach to fabricating competitive electrochemical sensors and provides possibilities for designing new analytical systems.

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Controlling the Inkjet Printing Process for Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors

Lauro A. Pradela-Filho et al.

Summary: Inkjet printing parameters significantly affect the electrical properties of electrochemical sensors. This study explores the impact of temperature, ink drop spacing, length, and ink layer number on the printing quality and electroactive surface area. The optimal parameters for fully printed silver ink sensors are PVC tape at 40 degrees C, 17 mu m drop spacing, one layer, and 13 mm length. These sensors demonstrate batch-to-batch reproducibility and are effective for detecting picric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and glucose.

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Recycling 3D Printed Residues for the Development of Disposable Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensors

Habdias A. Silva-Neto et al.

Summary: In this study, a recyclable approach using ABS residues and graphite flakes was proposed to create a conductive paste. The mixture showed greater adherence to different substrates and was used to construct a paper-based electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical properties of the recycled electrode material were similar to those of traditional carbon-based surfaces, and the proposed sensor exhibited promising performance in nitrite detection.

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

New conductive ink based on carbon nanotubes and glass varnish for the construction of a disposable electrochemical sensor

Jefferson H. S. Carvalho et al.

Summary: This work presents the manufacture of a new conductive ink based on glass varnish and carbon nanotubes, employed for the construction of an electrochemical sensor. The ink showed satisfactory analytical application in the detection of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine in synthetic urine and human blood serum. The developed ink is simple to produce, relatively low-cost, and holds potential for further investigations and development of other conductive inks.

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Paper-based analytical devices for point-of-need applications

Lauro A. Pradela-Filho et al.

Summary: Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are inexpensive and portable platforms that have been introduced as promising analytical tools for rapid, reliable, and simple testing. They have been used to monitor environmental, health, and food issues. This review provides an overview of the chronological events involving PADs, discusses the fundamental parameters for designing new analytical platforms, and explores the main analytical techniques used in detection systems. It also highlights recent advances in PADs, including dual/combined detection systems and distance-based detection, and critically examines the practical specifications and challenges of these analytical platforms.

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An electrochemical paper-based hydrogel immunosensor to monitor serum cytokine for predicting the severity of COVID-19 patients

Dongmin Shi et al.

Summary: The study developed a low-cost immunosensor for detecting cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients, which can predict their health status. The immunosensor integrated magnetic immunoassay and electrochemical readout technologies on a paper-based system, and improved the sensitivity of detection by modifying the working electrode. Experimental results showed that this immunosensor has great potential for early diagnosis of high-risk COVID-19 patients.

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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Tools for Virus Detection

Noel Manring et al.

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Vanessa N. Ataide et al.

Summary: This review article highlights the use of pencil-drawing as an attractive method for fabricating electrochemical sensors. The article discusses various approaches developed in the last five years to improve the carbonization step and enhance the performance of paper-based sensors.

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Different approaches for fabrication of low-cost electrochemical sensors

Jessica Santos Stefano et al.

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Rapid Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies with a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with a Spike Glycoprotein Epitope

Wilson A. Ameku et al.

Summary: This study developed an affordable electrochemical biosensor for rapid detection of COVID-19 antibodies in serum. The biosensor showed high selectivity and specificity, and could differentiate between infected and non-infected individuals, even at high dilutions with minimal sample volumes.

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Electrochemical detection of Zika and Dengue infections using a single chip

Isabella Sampaio et al.

Summary: A single chip that distinguishes between Zika and Dengue infections has been developed. The chip uses the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) as biomarkers and can also detect the spike proteins present in the SARS-CoV-2. This portable diagnostic test offers a point-of-care solution for the simultaneous detection of Zika, Dengue, and other viral infections.

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Cyclic Voltammetric-Paper-Based Genosensor for Detection of the Target DNA of Zika Virus

Anirudh Bishoyi et al.

Summary: The Zika virus is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that has been declared a global public health emergency by the WHO. It can cause Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial to control this infectious disease. A low-cost, simple-to-operate, portable diagnosis system using silver nanoparticles has been developed to overcome the limitations of current diagnostic methods.

MICROMACHINES (2022)

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Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Food Safety Analysis

Bambang Kuswandi et al.

Summary: Foodborne pathogens and contaminants pose a significant threat to human health worldwide, and there is a growing need for improvements in food safety. Paper-based electrochemical biosensors have gained attention due to their advantages in terms of miniaturization, low sample consumption, low cost production, capillary force-driven fluid flow, and reagent storage capability. These biosensors have been developed to detect foodborne pathogens and contaminants, and various device designs, fabrication techniques, and electrode modification approaches have been discussed. Nanomaterials have also been utilized to improve the detection of analytes through different bioassays. The sensors have been applied to detect food contaminants such as pesticides, veterinary drug residues, allergens, and heavy metals. Most of these devices are portable and suitable for field applications. Overall, paper-based electrochemical biosensors are an excellent platform for food safety analysis due to their user-friendliness, low cost, sensitivity, and customization potential.

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Summary: The article introduces the preparation methods of laser-scribed graphene and its applications in various fields. This technique can quickly and conveniently produce promising materials for the production of novel sensors. Additionally, the advantages of integration with machine learning models are discussed, along with the current challenges and development prospects.

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An aptasensing platform for detection of heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) using a modified gold electrode with lady fern-like gold (LFG) nanostructure

Masoud Negahdary et al.

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Paper-based sensors for rapid important biomarkers detection

Bambang Kuswandi et al.

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Polyimide adhesive tapes as a versatile and disposable substrate to produce CO2 laser-induced carbon sensors for batch and microfluidic analysis

Leticia F. Mendes et al.

Summary: Using laser scribing technique, disposable electrochemical devices were produced with Kapton adhesive tape as a substrate. Optimizing laser processing parameters had a significant impact on the electrochemical properties of the sensors, showing potential advantages for on-site applications.

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Engineering a sustainable future for point-of-care diagnostics and single-use microfluidic devices

Alfredo Edoardo Ongaro et al.

Summary: Single-use, point-of-care diagnostic devices hold promise for global health but pose challenges for environmental and human health due to unsustainable materials and toxic chemicals. Novel solutions are needed to embed sustainability in their design and reduce plastic consumption.

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Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Laser-Induced Graphene for COVID-19 Diagnosing: Rapid and Low-Cost Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Biomarker Antibodies

Marcely Echeverria Oliveira et al.

Summary: A diagnostic chip platform based on a disposable electrochemical biosensor has been developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. It helps with epidemiological public safety measures and the control of population's immune response to vaccines.

SURFACES (2022)

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Enhancing the performance of paper-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy nanobiosensors: An experimental approach

Xiao Li et al.

Summary: This study presents an experimental approach to enhance the performance of paper-based EIS biosensors by growing zinc oxide nanowires on working electrodes, achieving a low limit of detection for HIV markers and demonstrating effective detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS (2021)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Origami Paper-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors: State of the Art and Perspective

Noemi Colozza et al.

Summary: In the past decade, paper-based electrochemical biosensors have gained attention for their unique advantages and sustainability vision, offering features like solution flow management, reagent storage, and gas phase analyte detection. The foldability of paper has been utilized to design 3D multifarious biosensors, enhancing the development of self-powered devices and expanding the possibilities for smart and sustainable analytical tools.

BIOSENSORS-BASEL (2021)

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Amplification-free DNA Sensor for the One-Step Detection of the Hepatitis B Virus Using an Automated Paper-Based Lateral Flow Electrochemical Device

Chawin Srisomwat et al.

Summary: An automated paper-based eLFA device was developed for quantitative detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) using a time-delayed microfluidic strategy and gold metallization for signal-on electrochemical detection of target DNA. The use of pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid as a probe provided higher specificity and lower background currents, achieving a broad dynamic range and excellent detection limit. The device simplifies the operation for HBV DNA detection without the need for amplification steps, while producing results consistent with standard real-time PCR.

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An automated fast-flow/delayed paper-based platform for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus core antigen

Suchanat Boonkaew et al.

Summary: Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) are simple, portable, and low-cost analytical devices for point-of-care testing of clinical biomarkers. A sequential ePAD has been developed for simultaneous detection of hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C core antigen by integrating dual flow behaviors, avoiding the need for complex multi-step reagent manipulation by the user. The proposed ePAD shows high promise as an easy-to-use, portable, and extendable sensor for other multiplex biological assays.

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Combined Colorimetric and Electrochemical Measurement Paper-Based Device for Chemometric Proof-of-Concept Analysis of Cocaine Samples

Wilson A. Ameku et al.

Summary: Cocaine is a commonly abused illegal drug worldwide, often adulterated. A study developed a multiple detection paper-based analytical device to discriminate cocaine samples based on adulterants, aiding law enforcement in tracking criminal organization networks.

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Thermoplastic electrodes as a new electrochemical platform coupled to microfluidic devices for tryptamine determination

Lauro A. Pradela-Filho et al.

Summary: This study presents a new electrochemical method for tryptamine determination using a paper-based microfluidic device and a thermoplastic electrode (TPE) as a detector. The TPE demonstrated enhanced analytical response and antifouling effect compared to traditional glassy carbon electrodes. These findings suggest promising results for the electrochemical determination of tryptamine using thermoplastic composites.

ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Biosensing strategies for the electrochemical detection of viruses and viral diseases e A review

Lais Canniatti Brazaca et al.

Summary: This critical review article discusses the advancements in electrochemical biosensors for diagnosing viral infections, focusing on genosensors, aptasensors, and immunosensors. The article also addresses the advantages of biosensors in viral disease diagnosis and potential future trends in the field, such as lab-on-a-chip and flexible sensors.

ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA (2021)

Article Biophysics

Paper-based electrochemical biosensor for diagnosing COVID-19: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and antigen

Abdulhadee Yakoh et al.

Summary: A specific and sensitive immunosensor has been developed for the detection of immunoglobulins produced against SARS-CoV-2, targeting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies without the need for specific antibodies. This sensor has shown effective results in real clinical sera and has the potential for expanded use in antigen detection, presenting new possibilities for diagnosing COVID-19.

BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS (2021)

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Disposable electrochemical sensor based on shellac and graphite for sulfamethoxazole detection

Julia Melo Henrique et al.

Summary: This study developed a simple, disposable electrochemical sensor on a waterproof paper substrate using a conductive ink based on shellac and graphite. The sensor was successfully employed for the electrochemical detection of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), providing an efficient and reliable analysis method.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Paper-based analytical devices for virus detection: Recent strategies for current and future pandemics

Tugba Ozer et al.

Summary: Paper-based devices (PADs) have emerged as a leading alternative for point-of-care testing in virus detection, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review discusses the development strategies and applications of nucleic acid-based, antibody/antigen-based PADs, identifying advantages and drawbacks, and providing insights for future perspectives. State-of-the-art technologies are considered for further development and improvement in PADs performance for virus detection.

TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Solid-phase recombinase polymerase amplification using an extremely low concentration of a solution primer for sensitive electrochemical detection of hepatitis B viral DNA

Andi Muhammad Ichzan et al.

Summary: The study successfully overcame the challenges of low detection limits in solid-phase RPA by combining it with electrochemical detection and using a new primer concentration combination. Experimental results on hepatitis B virus demonstrated that this method achieved better amplification efficiency for HBV genomic DNA compared to other methods.

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Electrochemical diagnostics of infectious viral diseases: Trends and challenges

K. Yugender Goud et al.

Summary: Infectious diseases caused by viruses have the potential to lead to undesired pandemics, impacting global population and normal life function. Timely detection, treatment, isolation and prevention of spreading infectious diseases are critical to avoid global impairment of life. This review article emphasizes recent advancements in electrochemical diagnostics of life-threatening viruses and highlights challenges in translating laboratory research to real-world device applications and prospects for commercialization of electrochemical diagnostic devices.

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Paper-Based Biosensors for COVID-19: A Review of Innovative Tools for Controlling the Pandemic

Tomas Pinheiro et al.

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Jessica Rocha Camargo et al.

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Qin Lu et al.

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