4.7 Review

Recent trends in the electrochemical sensors on fi- and calcium channel blockers for hypertension and angina pectoris: A comprehensive review

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on Graphene Oxide-chitosan for Simultaneous Determination of some Antihypertensive Drugs

Hassan Nabizadeh et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates for the first time the applicability of graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposite in designing an electrochemical nanosensor for the determination of Amlodipine, Valsartan, and Hydrochlorothiazide. The differential pulse voltammetric method showed linear increase in the current ranges of 0.1-110, 0.1-110, and 1-230 mu M for AML, HCT, and VAL, with respective LODs of 5.5x10(-2), 3.5x10(-2), and 8.6x10(-2) mu M. Finally, the GO-CS/GCE nanosensor was successfully used for detecting these drugs in commercial tablets and compared with the reference method of HPLC.

ELECTROANALYSIS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

A Photoelectrochemical Sensor for Firstly the Detection of Amlodipine Besylate Based on an MnC4Pc Coated ZnO Composite Materials

Xueying Li et al.

Summary: In this study, a MnC4Pc-ZnO composite material was prepared by in-situ growth method and used to construct a PEC sensor for the determination of amlodipine besylate (AB). The MnC4Pc-ZnO composite material showed good photocurrent response to AB and exhibited good selectivity and stability. The PEC sensor provides a new method for accurate detection of AB.

ELECTROANALYSIS (2023)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Introduction of AlV3O9/CNT Nanocomposite for Modification of the Electrochemical Sensor in Order the Determination of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Biological and Pharmaceutical Samples

Neda Ziaie et al.

Summary: A novel voltammetric sensor based on a carbon paste electrode modified with AlV3O9/CNT nanocomposite was developed for the determination of amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide. The sensor showed promising application potential in drug monitoring and exhibited good performance in pharmaceutical formulation of tablets and real samples.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2023)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Graphite-polyurethane composite electrode modified with nickel(II) nanoparticles submitted to electrochemical pretreatment in basic medium for the determination of atenolol

Joao Vitor de Arruda Silva et al.

Summary: A new method for the determination of atenolol (ATN) using a graphite polyurethane composite electrode modified with electrodeposited nickel(II) nanoparticles electrochemically pretreated in alkaline medium is presented. The optimized conditions for the determination were obtained through cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry measurements. The method showed good selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy in the quantification of ATN in pharmaceutical formulations.

ANALYTICAL LETTERS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Nafion-Titanium (IV) Oxide-Graphene Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Voltammetric Determination of the β-blocker Bisoprolol Fumarate

Berna Kocak et al.

Summary: In this study, a Nafion-titanium (IV) oxide-graphene modified glassy carbon electrode was used for the electrochemical determination of bisoprolol fumarate. The modified electrode showed a wide linear working range and low detection limit for bisoprolol fumarate, and successfully measured the content of bisoprolol fumarate in tablets.

ANALYTICAL LETTERS (2023)

Article Electrochemistry

Fabrication of a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for the rapid detection of nimodipine

Ting Ma et al.

Summary: Nimodipine, a widely used calcium antagonist, is efficiently detected using a beta-cyclodextrin modified reduced graphene oxide composite (rGO/beta-CD) in this study. The proposed electrochemical sensor based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) improves the detection accuracy and simplifies the experiment by constructing a two-stage concentration prediction model combining XGBoost and RF.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE (2023)

Article Electrochemistry

PVA Capped Mn-Doped ZnS Encapsulated Nontoxic MoS2 Nano-Sheet Probe for the Sensitive Estimation of Cardiovascular β-Blocking Agent Acebutolol in Biomedical and Environmental Samples

Yuvarajgouda N. Patil et al.

Summary: A novel sensor PVA capped Mn doped ZnS incorporated MoS2 nanosheet composite modified gold electrode (PVA-Mn:ZnS/MoS2@GE) was developed for the determination of acebutolol (ACB). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to measure the electrochemical performance of ACB. The nanocomposite PVA-Mn:ZnS/MoS2 showed improved electrochemical current sensitivity compared to bare gold electrode when used as a modifier in electrode-based sensors. The SWV technique in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer was used to monitor biological, environmental, and tablet samples spiked with ACB, with a limit of detection of 0.38 x 10(-9) M and a limit of quantification of 1.28 x 10(-9) M.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Novel electrochemical sensor of nebivolol drug used for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure

Yeliz Ipek et al.

Summary: Nebivolol, a beta-blocker, is a cardiovascular drug used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. In this study, a boric acid-glutardialdehyde-modified glassy carbon electrode was designed for the electrochemical behavior and quantitative determination of Nebivolol. The electrode showed good repeatability and stability, and the detection limits for Nebivolol in buffer and urine samples were determined.

CHEMICAL PAPERS (2023)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A novel electrochemical sensor for metoprolol analysis based on glutardialdehyde-zinc oxide modified boron doped diamond electrode

Berna Kocak et al.

Summary: A new electrochemical sensor, glutardialdehyde-zinc oxide modified boron doped diamond electrode (GA2-ZnO/BDDE), was developed for the determination of metoprolol (MTP). The electrochemical behavior of MTP on different electrodes, including boron doped diamond electrode (BDDE), glutardialdehyde modified boron doped diamond electrode (GA2/BDDE), and GA2-ZnO/BDDE, was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. GA2-ZnO/BDDE showed a linear working range of 9.99 x 10-7-3.85 x 10-5 mol& BULL;L-1 and a detection limit of 7.53 x 10-8 mol& BULL;L-1 in pH 7 Britton-Robinson buffer solution. The developed sensor exhibited good reproducibility and was successfully applied for the analysis of MTP in commercial drug tablets.

DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Analysis of β-blocker timolol maleate drug residues in wastewater and biological fluids using differential pulse - anodic stripping voltammetry

Gharam Ibrahim Mohammed et al.

Summary: This study presents a low-cost strategy for fast and precise analysis of timolol maleate using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The developed method shows good accuracy and applicability in various samples, making it a promising alternative for routine quality control.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Novel Trends in Analytical Methods for β-Blockers: An Overview of Applications in the Last Decade

Sercan Yildirim et al.

Summary: Beta-blockers are commonly prescribed drugs used in medical and sports fields. Residues of beta-blockers may be found in environmental samples. Therefore, the development of sensitive, rapid, and reliable analytical methods is crucial for detection and determination of beta-blockers.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

The Determination of Timolol Maleate Using Silver/Tannic Acid/Titanium Oxide Nanocomposite as an Electrochemical Sensor in Real Samples

Mohammad Mehmandoust et al.

Summary: A portable and cost-effective electrochemical sensor based on Silver/tannic acid/titanium dioxide/glassy carbon electrode (Ag/TA@ TiO2/GCE) was successfully fabricated for determining timolol(TM) assay, showing excellent performance and high selectivity.

ELECTROANALYSIS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Hybrid NiO nanostructured/sulfanilamide polymeric film for studying possible pharmacokinetic interaction between avanafil and nimodipine in real human serum by their simultaneous determination using square-wave voltammetry

Al-Montaser Bellah H. Ali et al.

Summary: Avanafil is a new PDE-5 inhibitor used for treating erectile dysfunction, often coadministered with antihypertensive drugs like Nimodipine. A new electrochemical method using nanoparticle-modified electrodes was developed to simultaneously determine the levels of Avanafil and Nimodipine in human serum samples. The study found that coadministration of Avanafil and Nimodipine may lead to a significant increase in Avanafil serum concentration, highlighting the importance of dose adjustment when these drugs are used together.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Fabrication of a sensitive sensor for electrochemical detection of diltiazem in presence of methyldopa

Razieh Imani et al.

Summary: This paper reports the modification of a carbon paste electrode composite material for the determination of diltiazem (DTZ) in blood serum samples. The optimized method showed high sensitivity and good linearity. The prepared sensor demonstrated good repeatability and selectivity.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

A precise electrochemical sensor based on Sm2O3/2D TiC hybrid for highly sensitive and selective detection of antihypertensive drug nimodipine

Jeyaraman Anupriya et al.

Summary: Hybridization of rare earth metal oxide with titanium carbide is a well-designed architecture with various applications. In this study, a Sm2O3/2D TiC hybrid was synthesized using a hydrothermal process. The hybrid was characterized by various physicochemical techniques and confirmed to have successfully hybridized Sm2O3 flakes with titanium carbide sheet. The modified Sm2O3/2D TiC/GCE sensor showed excellent performance in detecting the antihypertensive drug nimodipine, with high sensitivity, low LOD, good repeatability, reproducibility, and storage stability. This hybrid electrocatalyst has potential for electrochemical detection of NMP in clinical biological applications.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Graphite Oxide-Silicone Rubber Composite modified carbon paste electrode as electrochemical sensor for Propranolol determination

Xintao Fu et al.

Summary: The objective of this work was to create a graphite oxide and silicone rubber composite, analyze its mechanical and electrochemical capabilities, and use it for electrochemical determination of propranolol. The study successfully formed a porous composite sample and found that the addition of graphite oxide improved the mechanical qualities of the composite. The modified electrode with the composite showed sensitive, stable, and selective electrochemical properties for detecting propranolol, and the performance was comparable or better than some previously reported sensors.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE (2022)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Swift electrochemical sensing of diltiazem employing highly-selective molecularly-imprinted 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

Heitor Gabriel Martins Sposito et al.

Summary: This paper presents a highly selective molecularly-imprinted sensor to detect diltiazem in buffer and urine. The possibility of using this sensor as a forensic tool for fingerprinting street-seized cocaine samples of heterogeneous composition was investigated.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Determination of Propranolol at a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Magnetite-Graphene Oxide in Combination with Presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Hediyeh Bagheri Ladmakhi et al.

Summary: In this study, a new electrochemical sensor based on magnetite graphene oxide/modified carbon paste electrode (Fe3O4-GO/CPE) was developed for determination of the cardiovascular drug, propranolol (PRO), in a solution containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. The modified electrode combined with the surfactant resulted in a significant increase in the electroanalytical signal for PRO determination, allowing for sensitive detection of PRO within a linear range of 10-1500 mu M.

RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Advanced Sensing Performance towards Simultaneous Determination of Binary Mixture of Antihypertensives Using PANI-Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles as Modifier in Carbon Paste Incorporating Graphite and Silicon-Oil

Swati Sharma et al.

Summary: This paper presents a multianalyte electroanalysis method for hypertensive patients with amlodipine and nebivolol molecules in a single dose, achieving good results in pharmaceutical formulation and human serum analysis.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Novel microfabricated solid-contact potentiometric sensors doped with multiwall carbon-nanotubes for simultaneous determination of bisoprolol and perindopril in spiked human plasma

Said A. Hassan et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to design microfabricated solid contact ion selective electrodes for the simultaneous determination of bisoprolol and perindopril in plasma. By adding ionophores and doping the ion sensing membranes with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, the detection limit of the sensors was improved, resulting in more stable performance.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2022)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Multimodal data for systolic and diastolic blood pressure prediction: The hypertension conscious artificial intelligence

Quincy A. Hathaway et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrochemical sensing of dobutamine, paracetamol, amlodipine, and daclatasvir in serum based on thiourea SAMs over nano-gold particles-CNTs composite

Nada F. Atta et al.

Summary: In this work, a one-step approach for the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from thiourea (TU) over gold nanoparticles dispersed in carbon nanotubes (CNTs-Au-nano) was reported. The fabricated sensor showed high electrocatalytic effect for the simultaneous determination of dobutamine (DB), paracetamol (PA), amlodipine (AM), and daclatasvir (DAC) in human serum and tablets. The proposed sensor is efficient, simple, and time-saving in its preparation compared to other methods cited in the literature. The sensor exhibited good recoveries and resistance toward common interferents in human serum.

NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Electrochemical Sensing Platform based on Graphene Oxide-chitosan for Simultaneous Determination of some Antihypertensive Drugs

Hassan Nabizadeh et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates for the first time the applicability of graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposite for designing an electrochemical nanosensor for the determination of multiple drugs, which was successfully used for the detection of drugs in commercial tablets.

ELECTROANALYSIS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

An electrochemical study of Atenolol using Patton and Reeder's modified pencil graphite electrode as an electrochemical sensor

H. T. Purushothama et al.

Summary: An electrochemical sensor using PR-PGE has been developed for the selective and sensitive determination of Atenolol, with optimized parameters and analytical performance demonstrated in pharmaceutical samples.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Potentiometric Sensor for the Fast Determination of Bisoprolol Fumarate in Biological Samples

R. Mourad et al.

Summary: A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized for selective quantification of bisoprolol fumarate (BF) in various samples, showing a Nernstian response with high recognition power. The MIP-based carbon paste electrode (CPE) exhibited excellent selectivity, recovery percentage, and comparable results to those obtained from the conventional HPLC method.

ELECTROANALYSIS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Titanium Dioxide/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Modified Pencil Graphite Sensor for Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Propranolol in Real Samples

Azar Dehnavi et al.

Summary: This study developed a highly effective electrochemical sensor for propranolol using a TiO2/MWCNT film deposited on the pencil graphite electrode as modifier, showing excellent electrochemical properties and selective response. The electrochemical features of the modified electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, while propranolol was determined using the differential pulse technique.

ELECTROANALYSIS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Layering of Carbon Black/Poly(Allylamine Hydrochloride) Composite for Multianalyte Determination

Jessica Scremin et al.

Summary: A novel electrochemical sensor utilizing a modified glassy carbon electrode covered with a poly(allylamine hydrochloride) film was proposed in this study, allowing for simultaneous determination of dopamine, paracetamol, amlodipine, and rosuvastatin with linear concentration ranges and low detection limits. This sensor showed successful application in environmental, pharmaceutical, and biological samples for the simultaneous determination of these analytes.

ELECTROANALYSIS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Chiral nanocomposite of sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin embedded in carbon nanofibers for enantioselective electrochemical discrimination of amlodipine, metoprolol and clenbuterol enantiomers

Pramod K. Kalambate et al.

Summary: A highly sensitive and selective electrochemical chiral sensor was developed based on the competitive supramolecular interaction of CNFs embedded SBE-β-CD with optically active cationic drugs. The sensor platform could efficiently discriminate enantiomers of amlodipine, clenbuterol, and metoprolol based on discernible peak potential differences. The study suggests that SBE-β-CD is a better chiral ligand than neutral cyclodextrins for enantioselectivity.

JOURNAL OF MATERIOMICS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Synthesis of Sheet Like Nanostructures of NiO Using Potassium Dichromate as Surface Modifying Agent for the Sensitive and Selective Determination of Amlodipine Besylate (ADB) Drug

Aftab Ahmed Khand et al.

Summary: The study synthesized nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures using potassium dichromate as a surface modifying agent by hydrothermal method, which showed high activity for the oxidation of ADB besylate (ADB). The morphology and unit cell structure of NiO were investigated using SEM and XRD techniques, with a well-resolved oxidation peak identified at 0.70 V in the CV characterization. The NiO nanostructures exhibited a linear range from 20-90 nM with a LOD of 2.125 nM and a LOQ of 4.08 nM, showing potential for monitoring ADB concentrations in pharmaceutical products.

ELECTROANALYSIS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

An electrochemical interface for direct analysis of amlodipine in tablets and human blood samples

Majid Arvand et al.

Summary: This study successfully developed a sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for amlodipine based on a nanocomposite of gold nanorods, graphene oxide, and functionalized carbon nanotubes. The platform showed synergistic enhancement in voltammetric behavior and demonstrated practical applicability in pharmaceutical formulations and human blood samples with satisfactory recovery rates.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL SOLID-STATE MATERIALS (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Degradation of metoprolol from wastewater in a bio-electro-Fenton system

Xiaoyong Yang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the feasibility of using bio-electro-Fenton (BEF) technology for the removal of the typical micropollutant metoprolol in water environments. The results showed that applied voltage and working pH significantly affected removal efficiency, while Fe2+ dosage had little effect.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Developed electrochemical sensors for the determination of beta-blockers: A comprehensive review

Mohammad Reza Jalali Sarvestani et al.

Summary: Beta-blockers are a type of medicine used for various health issues, with risks of toxicity at high dosages; electroanalytical techniques offer an effective method for detecting beta-blockers with high sensitivity and practicality.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Voltammetric sensor system based on Cu(II) and Zn(II) amino acid complexes for recognition and determination of atenolol enantiomers

Yulia A. Yarkaeva et al.

Summary: An enantioselective voltammetric sensor system based on chiral amino acid complexes of Cu(II) and Zn(II) has been developed for the recognition and determination of atenolol enantiomers, showing high accuracy and stability. The sensor system is able to detect S- and R-atenolol with a relative standard deviation below 9% and recoveries ranging from 95% to 102%, demonstrating a high percentage of correctly recognized samples up to 99% through chemometric analysis.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Reduced graphene oxide supported Ti-based metal-organic framework as a novel electrochemical sensor for electro-oxidation of Propranolol

Maryam Haghighi et al.

Summary: A new electrochemical sensor using RGO/Ti-MOF-modified GCE was introduced for the electro-catalytic oxidation and determination of Propranolol, showing high sensitivity and low detection limit. The synthesized composite exhibited excellent performance in phosphate buffer solution, significantly reducing the oxidation over-potential of Propranolol.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

A new electrochemical sensing platform based on HgS/graphene composite deposited on the glassy carbon electrode for selective and sensitive determination of propranolol

Mina Ahmadi-Kashani et al.

Summary: A new sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the detection of propranolol using a HgS/graphene composite, which exhibited improved electrochemical ability compared to bare HgS. The sensor showed excellent analytical parameters and was successfully applied for PRO detection in real and pharmaceutical samples with good recoveries. The HgS/graphene composite displayed satisfactory electrochemical features and has potential for enhancing electrochemical sensors and electronic devices.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Electroanalytical detection of amlodipine in urine and pharmaceutical samples using Ag-Ce2(WO4)3@CNF nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode

Karuppaiah Sudha et al.

Summary: A novel electroanalytical method for the detection of Amlodipine (AMD) using a silver-cerium tungstate decorated carbon nanofiber (AgCe2(WO4)3@CNF) nanocomposite has been developed. The method shows excellent electrocatalytic response towards the oxidation of AMD and has potential for biomedical applications.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Highly exfoliated functionalized MoS2 with sodium alginate-polydopamine conjugates for electrochemical sensing of cardio-selective β-blocker by voltammetric methods

Chung-Yi Lee et al.

Summary: The MoS2/SA-PDA nanocomposite electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for the detection of the cardio-selective beta-blocker drug acebutolol (ACE), with a wide linear response range, low detection limit, and high sensitivity even in the presence of similar compounds. The characterization and optimization of the electrode's performance were conducted through spectroscopic, microscopic, and electroanalytical techniques. The electrochemical activity of the MoS2/SA-PDA nanocomposite electrode was attributed to the synergistic effect of the reactive functional groups from SA, PDA, and MoS2.

MICROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Development of a sensitive voltammetric sensor for diltiazem determination in biological samples using MWCNT/PPy-PBA modified glassy carbon electrode

Sahar Ostovar et al.

Summary: The modified glassy carbon electrode with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and electro-polymerized pyrrole in the presence of phenyl-boronic acid shows effective determination of diltiazem under optimal experimental conditions. The electrochemical sensor exhibits good reproducibility, high sensitivity, and reasonable selectivity, making it suitable for analyzing diltiazem in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Quantum mechanical calculations confirmed the experimental evidence regarding the modification of the sensor's behavior towards diltiazem.

SYNTHETIC METALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

A Novel Voltametric Measurements of Beta Blocker Drug Propranolol on Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Carbon Black Nanoparticles

Izabela Bargiel et al.

Summary: The newly developed voltametric method for highly sensitive propranolol determination showed good linearity and detection limit in experiments, high recovery rates in real samples, and good signal repeatability.

MATERIALS (2021)

Article Biophysics

Nanostructured zinc oxide film amalgamated with functionalized carbon nanotubes for facile electrochemical determination of nifedipine

Nikita Agrawal et al.

Summary: An innovative electrochemical approach utilizing a sensor fabricated with zinc oxide nanoparticles embedded on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes has been successfully developed for the detection of nifedipine, with high sensitivity and low detection limit. Optimized operational parameters were achieved by altering instrumental variables, and the sensor demonstrated good stability and reproducibility in pharmaceutical formulations and biological sample assays. The sensor's selectivity was outlined by effectively detecting nifedipine in urine and blood serum samples of patients being treated for hypertension without interference from coexisting metabolites.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Surface sulfuration of antimony oxide enhances the electrochemical determination of acebutolol in biomedical samples

Ahmed S. Haidyrah et al.

Summary: The study focuses on the surface sulfuration of post-synthesized orthorhombic-Sb2O3 rods using ultrasonic method, which introduces S2- ions to improve its performance in electrocatalysis of acebutolol. The surface sulfurized Sb2O3 exhibits better linear range, sensitivity, and LOD compared to regular Sb2O3, making it suitable for real-time monitoring of ACB in blood serum and urine samples.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Electrochemistry

Hybrid Nanostructure Composed of Homogeneously Decorated MoS2 Nanosheets on Graphene for Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide

Somayeh Mohammadi et al.

Summary: A single-stage hydrothermal method was used to synthesize MoS2 NSs-G hybrid nanostructures, with MoS2 nanosheets tightly attached to the surface of graphene. The MoS2 NSs-G modified electrode exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of amlodipine, with a LOD of 0.0012 mu M and a linear range of 0.04-400.0 mu M. Additionally, it showed favorable results for concurrent measurement of amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide, making it a promising sensor for clinical assays.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

Article Electrochemistry

Stable Solid-State Microfabricated Potentiometric Sensor Based on Chitosan- Prussian Blue Nanocomposite Film for Amlodipine Selective Detection

Yasmin M. Fayez et al.

Summary: Solid state ion-selective electrodes play a crucial role in advanced detection techniques, with a focus on producing simple, sensitive, durable and stable electrodes. A microfabricated copper electrode was designed with a chitosan-Prussian blue nanocomposite layer for amlodipine sensing, showing good linear Nernstian response with a detection limit of 2.0 x10(-6) mol l(-1).

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hierarchical Polyacrylonitrile-Derived Nitrogen Self-Doped 3D Carbon Superstructures Enabling Electrochemical Detection of Calcium Channel Blocker Nimodipine in Real Human Blood Serum

Bhuvanenthiran Mutharani et al.

Summary: A facile and tunable technique was developed to synthesize polyacrylonitrile (PAN) particles with different superstructures, which were transformed into 3D hierarchical porous carbon superstructures (CSs) with enhanced electrochemical activity for the sensing of nimodipine. Among the different modified electrodes, the CS-ACE-modified electrode exhibited the best electrochemical performance towards NMD, with a lower detection limit and higher sensitivity. Recovery results in real human blood serum samples also showed satisfactory performance for NMD determination.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Electrosynthesised CdS@ZnS quantum dots decorated multi walled carbon nanotubes for analysis of propranolol in biological fluids and pharmaceutical samples

Nastaran Arab et al.

Summary: The study successfully prepared CdS@ZnS core-shell quantum dots and applied them to the development of an electrochemical sensor. Under optimized conditions, the sensor demonstrated a linear response to propranolol in the concentration range of 0.06-27 μmol L-1 with a detection limit of 12 nmol L-1.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Electrochemically Activated Screen-Printed Carbon Sensor Modified with Anionic Surfactant (aSPCE/SDS) for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Diclofenac and Tramadol

Jedrzej Kozak et al.

Summary: An electrochemically activated screen-printed carbon electrode modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate was developed for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol, diclofenac, and tramadol. The electrode showed good linear response and selectivity under optimized conditions, with successful application in detecting the three analytes in river water, serum samples, and pharmaceuticals.

MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Novel potentiometric methods for the estimation of bisoprolol and alverine in pharmaceutical forms and human serum

Khaled Elgendy et al.

Summary: Two new potentiometric sensors were successfully created for the quantification of bisoprolol fumarate and alverine citrate in bulk pharmaceutical dosage forms and human serum by combining potassium tetrakis (p-chlorophenyl) borate ion pairs, plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) matrix membranes, and o-nitrophenyl octyl ether. The sensors exhibited rapid responses, low detection limits, high selectivity towards interfering materials, long life cycle, and high recovery rates for both medications.

REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrochemical sensing platform for the simultaneous femtomolar detection of amlodipine and atorvastatin drugs

Tayyaba Kokab et al.

Summary: A proficient and ultra-high sensitive functionalized electrode was developed for accurate analysis of drugs, using a nanocomposite scaffold comprising of silver nanoparticles integrated with functionalized carbon nanotubes to simultaneously quantify amlodipine and atorvastatin. The electrode showed promising results in detecting a binary mixture of drugs in femtomolar range, with high specificity, stability, and reliability in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Computational studies supported the experimental outcomes and provided insights into the mechanism of electron transfer between the transducer and analytes.

RSC ADVANCES (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrochemical determination of amlodipine using a CuO-NiO nanocomposite/ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode as an electrochemical sensor

Mahzad Firouzi et al.

Summary: In this study, a nanocomposite of CuO-NiO was synthesized by sol-gel method and a carbon paste modified electrode with CuO-NiO/IL/CPE was fabricated for electrochemical sensing of amlodipine. The sensor exhibited good electrocatalytic behavior towards the oxidation of AML with a low detection limit.

JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Electroanalytical performance of a β-cyclodextrin and ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode for the determination of verapamil in urine and pharmaceutical formulation

Sanja Mutic et al.

Summary: This study investigates the analytical performance of electrochemical sensors based on ionic liquids for the electrochemical oxidation of VER. The [EMIM][NTf2]-CPE was selected as the most appropriate material for trace-level determination of VER. The sensor showed good repeatability and recovery in VER determination both in spiked human urine samples and pharmaceutical formulations.

ANALYTICAL METHODS (2021)

Article Electrochemistry

Electrochemical Determination of Propranolol, Acetaminophen and Folic Acid in Urine, and Human Plasma Using Cu2O-CuO/rGO/CPE

Farzad Hosseini et al.

Summary: A Cu2O-CuO/rGO/CPE was employed for simultaneous measurement of PRO, AC, and FA using DPV and amperometric techniques, showing promising results in terms of peak separation and sensitivity. The modified electrode using nanocomposites was characterized with SEM, XRD, and FTIR to confirm its performance, which exhibited excellent selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility for target analytes. The proposed sensor successfully determined AC, FA, and PRO in urine and human plasma samples, demonstrating its potential for practical applications.

RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

Green fabrication of 3D hierarchical blossom-like hybrid of peeled montmorillonite-ZnO for in-vitro electrochemical sensing of diltiazem hydrochloride drug

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MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (2020)

Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

Green synthesis and characterization of DyMnO3-ZnO ceramic nanocomposites for the electrochemical ultratrace detection of atenolol

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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING C-MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (2020)

Article Physics, Multidisciplinary

Electrochemical detection of sotalol on a magnetographite-epoxy electrode using magnetite nanoparticles

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PRAMANA-JOURNAL OF PHYSICS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A Screen-Printed Electrode Modified With Graphene/Co3O4 Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Detection of Tramadol

Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian et al.

FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical forms and urine samples using a boron-doped diamond electrode

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JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Voltammetric Techniques for the Analysis of Drugs using Nanomaterials based Chemically Modified Electrodes

Ashwini K. Srivastava et al.

CURRENT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2019)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

In-house validation of a totally aqueous voltammetric method for determination of diltiazem hydrochloride

Carlos Alberto Rossi Salamanca-Neto et al.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2019)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Electroanalytical Methods for Determination of Calcium Channel Blockers

Fatma Agin

CURRENT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2019)

Article Electrochemistry

Carbon Potentiometric Sensors Modified with Beta-cyclodextrin as a Carrier for the Determination of Bisoprolol Fumarate

Eman Yossri Frag et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE (2019)

Article Electrochemistry

Electrochemical Determination of Acebutolol on the Electrochemically Pretreated Screen Printed Carbon Electrode

Annamalai Yamuna et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE (2019)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Beta-blockers: Historical Perspective and Mechanisms of Action

Eduardo Oliver et al.

REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (2019)

Review Peripheral Vascular Disease

Three Generations of β-blockers: History, Class Differences and Clinical Applicability

Gabriel T. do Vale et al.

CURRENT HYPERTENSION REVIEWS (2019)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Screen printed carbon electrode modified with magnetic core shell manganese ferrite nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of amlodipine

Sayed Zia Mohammadi et al.

JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2019)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Study of electrooxidation and enhanced voltammetric determination of β-blocker pindolol using a boron-doped diamond electrode

Gabriel F. Pereira et al.

DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS (2018)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Hypertension and cardiovascular risk: General aspects

Sverre E. Kjeldsen

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2018)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

LC-MS/MS Quantification of Tramadol and Gabapentin Utilizing Solid Phase Extraction

Pappula Nagaraju et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2018)

Article Oncology

The potential detrimental effects of calcium channel blockers' overdose and current available management

Manyoo A. Agarwal et al.

ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2018)

Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Development of an ultra-sensitive method using nafion and multi-walled carbon nanotube coated glassy carbon electrode for atenolol determination

Hilal Celik Kazici

PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES-PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITESI MUHENDISLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI (2018)

Article Electrochemistry

Carbon Paste Electrode with Au/Pd/MWCNT Nanocomposite for Nanomolar Determination of Timolol

Khadijeh Nekoueian et al.

International Journal of Electrochemical Science (2017)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

An enantioselective voltammetric sensor for the recognition of propranolol stereoisomers

A. V. Sidel'nikov et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2017)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Capillary electrophoresis in the context of drug discovery

Elena Farcas et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2017)

Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

Synthesis of nano-sized timolol-imprinted polymer via ultrasonication assisted suspension polymerization in silicon oil and its use for the fabrication of timolol voltammetric sensor

Taher Alizadeh et al.

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (2017)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Development of a nano plastic antibody for determination of propranolol using CdTe quantum dots

Ali A. Ensafi et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2017)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Development of HPLC Methods for Individual Determination of 20 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients for Ussing-Chamber Studies

Mustafa Sinan Kaynak et al.

CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (2017)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

A biosensing interface based on Au@ BSA nanocomposite for chiral recognition of propranolol

Chunzhi Xuan et al.

ANALYTICAL METHODS (2016)

Article Biophysics

An ultrasensitive performance enhanced novel cytochrome c biosensor for the detection of rebaudioside A

Ayyappa Bathinapatla et al.

BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS (2016)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Voltammetric determination of bisoprolol on a glassy carbon electrode modified by poly(arylene phthalide)

R. A. Zil'berg et al.

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2016)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Voltammetric determination of paracetamol, tramadol and caffeine using poly(Nile blue) modified glassy carbon electrode

S. Chitravathi et al.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2016)

Article Electrochemistry

Voltammetric Determination of Pindolol in Biological Fluids Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Biomimetic Sensor

Kiran Kumar Tadi et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2016)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrocatalytic redox behavior of graphene films towards acebutolol hydrochloride determination in real samples

Atmanand M. Bagoji et al.

NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2016)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Voltammetric sensor based on Co3O4/SnO2 nanopowders for determination of diltiazem in tablets and biological fluids

Abdol Mohammad Attaran et al.

JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY (2016)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Comparative Toxicity of Tapentadol and Tramadol Utilizing Data Reported to the National Poison Data System

Ben T. Tsutaoka et al.

ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY (2015)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Rapid Electroanalytical Method for Determination of Nebivolol at a 4 Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode

Biljana Nigovic et al.

JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL (2015)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Its Metabolite in Human Urine by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method

Bilal Yilmaz et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE (2015)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Concurrent Determination of Diltiazem, Lisinopril, Captopril, and Enalapril in Dosage Formulations and in Human Serum by Liquid Chromatographic Technique

Nighat Shafi et al.

JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES (2015)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Carbon nanofiber screen printed electrode joined to a flow injection system for nimodipine sensing

P. Salgado-Figueroa et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2015)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Nitrogen-doped graphene modified electrode for nimodipine sensing

Wu Lei et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2015)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Poly-dopamine thin film for voltammetric sensing of atenolol

Mandana Amiri et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2015)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Electroanalysis of pindolol on a GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide

Sylwia Smarzewska et al.

ANALYTICAL METHODS (2014)

Article Electrochemistry

Sensitive and rapid determination of nifedipine using polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified carbon paste electrode

Xiaofeng Yang et al.

RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY (2014)

Article Spectroscopy

Novel spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of timolol and dorzolamide in their binary mixture

Hayam Mahmoud Lotfy et al.

SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY (2014)

Article Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism

Achieving compliance in international anti-doping policy: An analysis of the 2009 World Anti-Doping Code

Barrie Houlihan

SPORT MANAGEMENT REVIEW (2014)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrocatalytic determination of propranolol hydrochloride at carbon paste electrode based on multiwalled carbon-nanotubes and γ-cyclodextrin

Reena R. Gaichore et al.

JOURNAL OF INCLUSION PHENOMENA AND MACROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY (2014)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A cooperative computational and experimental investigation on electrochemical behavior of metoprolol and its voltammetric determination

Seraceddin Levent Zorluoglu et al.

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE CHIMIE (2013)

Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Cardio-Selective Beta-Blocker: Pharmacological Evidence and Their Influence on Exercise Capacity

Dennis Ladage et al.

CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPEUTICS (2013)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

β-Adrenergic Blockade in Cardiovascular Disease

William H. Frishman

JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS (2013)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Determination of metoprolol and its two metabolites in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and its application in pharmacokinetics

Tao Xu et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES (2013)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrochemical behavior of labetalol at an ionic liquid-modified carbon paste electrode and its electrochemical determination

Yan-Mei Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2013)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Voltammetric determination of nifedipine using a β-cyclodextrin modified multi-walled carbon nanotube paste electrode

Reena R. Gaichore et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2013)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Determination of atenolol in environmental water samples and pharmaceutical formulations at a graphite-epoxy composite electrode

Carolina M. F. Calixto et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2012)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Determination of sotalol by fluorescence quenching method

Hui-Min Zhang et al.

ANALYTICAL METHODS (2011)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Determination of Atenolol in Human Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method

Bilal Yilmaz et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE (2011)

Review Biochemical Research Methods

Application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the analysis of polar contaminants in food and environmental samples

Alexander L. N. van Nuijs et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A (2011)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Determination of nifedipine in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study

Dan Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES (2011)

Article Spectroscopy

Three different spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra for determination of binary mixture of Amlodipine and Atorvastatin

Hany W. Darwish et al.

SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY (2011)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins, dyes and pesticides in spices

C. Ferrer Amate et al.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2010)

Article Environmental Sciences

The Development of SPE Procedures and an UHPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Ten Drugs in Water Samples

Irena Baranowska et al.

WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION (2010)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Development and validation of a stereoselective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for quantification of S- and R-metoprolol in human plasma

Berit P. Jensen et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES (2008)

Article Spectroscopy

Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for analysis of tramadol, acebutolol and dothiepin in pharmaceutical preparations

Hisham E. Abdellatef et al.

SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY (2006)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Spectrofluorimetric determination of drugs containing active methylene group using N1-methyl nicotinamide chloride as a fluorigenic agent

Mohamed Abdelfattah El Dawy et al.

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN (2006)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Chiral separation of labetalol stereoisomers in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis

TV Goel et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A (2004)

Review Chemistry, Analytical

Electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring: design, development and applications

G Hanrahan et al.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING (2004)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Enantioselective liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric assay of β-adrenergic blockers:: application to a pharmacokinetic study of sotalol in human plasma

E Badaloni et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES (2003)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Determination of nifedipine in human plasma by square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry

N Özaltin et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2002)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of tramadol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulation

HE Abdellatef

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2002)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Development and validation of a reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of pindolol and clopamide in tablets

P Papadopoulos et al.

JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES (2002)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Densitometric and videodensitometric determination of nadolol and pindolol in tablets by quantitative HPTLC

A Gumieniczek et al.

JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES (2002)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Stability indicating HPTLC determination of timolol maleate as bulk drug and in pharmaceutical preparations

SP Kulkarni et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2000)

Article Toxicology

Severe atenolol and diltiazem overdose

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JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY (2000)