☆ 4.7 Review

A comprehensive review on current analytical approaches used for the control of drug abuse in sports

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2023)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Detection of Diuretic Doping by Capillary Electrophoresis and Electro-chemical Technology: A Mini-Review

Ping Nan

Summary: Despite the ban on using performance-enhancing drugs, their use still persists in sports. Doping testing, which involves taking biological samples from athletes, is the main method to determine drug consumption. Urine is the least invasive sampling method, while blood sampling is the most invasive.

CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Detection of clenbuterol residues in beef sausages and its enantiomeric analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS: A risk of unintentional doping in sport field

Benjamin Velasco-Bejarano et al.

Summary: This study developed and validated a method for detecting traces of clenbuterol in beef sausages. The method successfully detected clenbuterol in 73.3% of the samples tested, indicating a potential risk of unintentional doping in the sports field.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2022)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2020/2021

Mario Thevis et al.

Summary: Most anti-doping research relies on analytical chemistry to improve test methods, understand athletes' exposure, and differentiate natural from synthetic substances. Advantages of complementary matrices, such as dried blood spots, have been identified and applied, adding value to the field.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

HepG2 as promising cell-based model for biosynthesis of long-term metabolites: Exemplified for metandienone

Annette Zschiesche et al.

Summary: By incubating HepG2 cells with metandienone and D-3-epitestosterone, this study demonstrated that these cells can serve as a suitable model for investigating the biotransformation of androgens, particularly the anabolic androgenic steroid metandienone. Additionally, the study showed the potential for using D-3-epitestosterone as an internal standard for incubation, highlighting the usability of this method in detecting candidate metabolites for doping analyses.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

The forensic response after an adverse analytical finding (doping) involving a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in human athlete

Pascal Kintz

Summary: SARMs, with anabolic properties similar to steroids, have gained popularity in the doping field since the early 2000s. Despite claims of contamination causing AAF by some athletes, WADA still prohibits SARMs and advances in scientific analysis techniques continue to improve detection methods.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of ephedrine stimulants in urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Ting Zhu et al.

Summary: A method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ephedrine analogues and their diastereoisomers in stimulants. The method showed high efficiency, accuracy, stability, and sensitivity, with low detection limits and good precision and accuracy.

RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry as an emerging technique in doping control analysis

Maria Kristina Parr et al.

Summary: This article reviews the analysis methods of prohibited substances, their metabolites, and biomarkers in sports using SFC-MS(/MS). The current instrumental designs and method development, including sample preparation, are introduced, and selected examples are presented. Furthermore, the advantages of this method over others are evaluated, and potential areas of application and future perspectives are discussed.

TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Review Orthopedics

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Kien V. Trinh et al.

Summary: This study reviewed the effects of glucocorticoids in enhancing athletic performance and found evidence suggesting that they may be beneficial. However, the effects vary depending on the specific type, dose, and administration time frame of the drugs.

CLINICAL JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Longitudinal evaluation of multiple biomarkers for the detection of testosterone gel administration in women with normal menstrual cycle

Olivier Salamin et al.

Summary: The study monitored the treatment of 14 healthy females with T gel for 28 days, finding significant increases in serum T and DHT concentrations, with the most affected markers in urine being the T/E and 5α Adiol/E ratios. Results show that the 'blood steroid profile' is a powerful complement to the 'urinary module' and supports the qualitative scenario of endogenous prohibited substance administration.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

In vitro metabolic studies of novel selective androgen receptor modulators and their use for doping control analysis

Katarzyna Kowalczyk et al.

Summary: This study aimed to explore the metabolic pathways of four structurally unrelated SARMs and detect potential markers of intake of these substances through the analysis of their metabolites.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

A fast screening method for the detection of CERA in dried blood spots

Angela Rocca et al.

Summary: CERA, a third-generation erythropoiesis-stimulating agent used for anemia treatment, has been misused as a doping agent in endurance sports. The use of dried blood spots (DBSs) for detecting CERA provides a cost-effective and efficient method with a detection window of up to 20 days post-injection. This method could be a fast and practical approach for detecting CERA abuse in sports.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2022)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Control of gene doping in human and horse sports

Teruaki Tozaki et al.

GENE THERAPY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Screening for gene doping transgenes in horses via the use of massively parallel sequencing

Jillian Maniego et al.

Summary: Genetic manipulation is predicted to be the next frontier in doping, with massively-parallel sequencing allowing for screening of multiple doping targets simultaneously. The study demonstrated the high scalability and sensitivity of parallel sequencing by comparing its detection sensitivity with real-time qPCR in a real-world setting involving intramuscular administration of a control rAAV vector into two horses. The results showed that both methods detected the vector up to 79 hours post-administration, with sporadic detection after 96 hours.

GENE THERAPY (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Optimizing detection of erythropoietin receptor agonists from dried blood spots for anti-doping application

Carmel E. Heiland et al.

Summary: This study investigated the use of dried blood spots (DBS) as a matrix for doping control and found optimal conditions for detecting prohibited erythropoietin receptor agonists (ERAs) and endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) from DBS. The results showed that 60 μl DBS could detect the main ERAs at concentrations close to the minimum required performance levels (MRPLs) set by WADA for serum/plasma samples. Storage temperature did not affect ERA detection. Compared with urine, DBS showed less variation in the detection of endogenous EPO.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Measurements of hydrocortisone and cortisone for longitudinal profiling of equine plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Kathy Tou et al.

Summary: The aim of this research was to investigate the plasma concentrations of hydrocortisone (HC) and cortisone (C) in race day samples compared to the administration of Triamcinolone Acetonide (TACA). The results showed that the use of TACA resulted in a decrease in HC/C values for up to 96 hours post-administration, longer than the detection period of TACA itself.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Measurement comparability of insulin assays using conventional immunoassay kits

Nordiana Rosli et al.

Summary: This study compares the results of several insulin analysis kits and discusses the steps necessary to improve comparability. The results show significant discrepancies among the evaluated kits, which may be due to inconsistent traceability chains, conversion factors, and the use of inappropriate reference materials for insulin. Further standardization is needed.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Simultaneous detection of 93 anabolic androgenic steroids in dietary supplements using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Yihao Zhang et al.

Summary: In recent years, synthetic androgenic steroids (AASs) have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients in dietary supplements. This study developed a method for simultaneous detection of 93 steroids and successfully analyzed over 300 dietary supplements, detecting one positive sample. The method provides a high throughput approach for screening and monitoring supplement ingredients and potential harm.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Detection of 20 endogenous anabolic steroid esters with Girard's Reagent P derivatization in dried blood spots using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS

Yuling Yuan et al.

Summary: In this study, a method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was developed to simultaneously detect 20 endogenous anabolic steroid esters in dried blood spots (DBSs), and 10 of these esters were analyzed for the first time. Girard's Reagent P (GRP) was used for the derivatization of the esters, resulting in higher sensitivity compared to previous methods. The method demonstrated good selectivity, low limit of detection, high extraction recovery, and precision.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Stereoisomers in sports drug testing: Analytical strategies and applications

Andreas Thomas et al.

Summary: Modern doping control analysis employs analytical techniques to cover a wide range of banned substances, including chiral compounds. However, chiral separation is currently only applied to selected compounds, presenting a challenge in the analysis of the diverse substance classes in doping controls.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Automated sample preparation for the detection and confirmation of hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers in urine

Laurie De Wilde et al.

Summary: The study developed and validated a method for detecting HIFs in urine samples using online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with features of high efficiency, automation, and high sample throughput.

BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY (2021)

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Article Sport Sciences

An Untargeted Urine Metabolomics Approach for Autologous Blood Transfusion Detection

Jacob Bejder et al.

Summary: This study found that an untargeted urine metabolomics analysis can reveal the metabolic pattern of autologous blood transfusion, providing an effective detection method. The strongest model was obtained 2 hours after reinfusion, and combining only a few of the strongest metabolites selected by this model provided high sensitivity and specificity for detection.

MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Optimization, validation, and comparison of a rapid method for the quantification of insulin-like growth factor 1 in serum using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry

Yoondam Seo et al.

Summary: IGF-I is the primary mediator of GH effects and has been used as a biomarker for detecting GH abuse. A rapid method for detecting IGF-I without trypsin digestion was optimized in this study, showing good accuracy and reproducibility.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Application of online two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography as purification procedure to determine the origin of 19-norandrosterone in urine by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Chao Wen et al.

Summary: 19-Norandrosterone is the main metabolite of nandrolone, which can be detected through GC-C-IRMS confirmation procedure to identify its potential exogenous origin. Sample purification is crucial, and 2D-HPLC clean-up procedure is used for separation and enrichment of 19-NA, meeting the World Anti-doping Agency's requirements.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Effective treatment and prevention of attempted suicide, anxiety, and aggressiveness with fluoxetine, despite proven use of androgenic anabolic steroids

Julio M. X. Amaral et al.

Summary: This study details the treatment of a man who attempted suicide after experiencing symptoms of anxiety and aggressiveness associated with the use of AAS. Regular use of fluoxetine was effective in preventing anxiety, depression, aggressiveness, and suicide ideation, even in the presence of AAS. Urinary concentration of androgens, AAS metabolites, and fluoxetine were monitored through urine samples analysis at the Brazilian Laboratory of Doping Control.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Capillary electrophoretic methods for quality control analyses of pharmaceuticals: A review

Roman Reminek et al.

Summary: This review summarizes capillary electrophoretic methods suitable for routine quality control analyses of small molecule drugs published since 2015, discussing key parameters of over 80 methods and the contributions of reported results to separation science and practical applications.

ELECTROPHORESIS (2021)

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Article Psychology, Multidisciplinary

Racing Clean in a Tainted World: A Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences and Views of Clean British Elite Distance Runners on Doping and Anti-Doping

Jake Shelley et al.

Summary: The study found that athletes compete in sports mainly for personal satisfaction and to showcase their abilities, rather than being tempted by prohibited substances or methods. The implementation of anti-doping measures is uneven globally, and doping issues stem from specific sporting cultures, negatively impacting the careers of clean athletes.

FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY (2021)

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Article Sport Sciences

Values and clean sport

Hannah Mortimer et al.

Summary: The study found that moral values had the best predictive effect on the likelihood of clean sport, while other values associated with the spirit of sport and sport values also had a positive impact on clean sport likelihood.

JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Pharmacokinetics of salmeterol and its main metabolite α-hydroxysalmeterol after acute and chronic dry powder inhalation in exercising endurance-trained men: Implications for doping control

Soren Jessen et al.

Summary: The use of the beta(2)-agonist salmeterol is restricted by WADA, with specific guidelines for therapeutic doses and inhalation methods. Research suggests that a combination of urine concentrations of salmeterol and alpha-hydroxysalmeterol can effectively distinguish between therapeutic and supratherapeutic use of salmeterol.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography purification of underivatized urinary testosterone and metabolites for compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis

Karine Lalonde et al.

Summary: Testosterone doping in sports can be detected by measuring the carbon isotopic signature of testosterone in urine. A two-dimensional HPLC method for urine extracts has been developed for compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis, providing improved sample purity and decreased analysis time. This method shows promising results in achieving accurate and precise delta C-13 values in a more efficient manner.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Detecting the abuse of 19-norsteroids in doping controls: A new gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone

Loredana Iannella et al.

Summary: The current method for detecting 19-norsteroids abuse relies on GC-MS/MS analysis of 19-NA, with confirmatory analysis by GC-C-IRMS. This study aimed to improve the confirmation procedure using GC-C-IRMS and validated the method using urine samples from male volunteers administered nandrolone-based formulations. Both 19-NA and 19-NE were analyzed as target compounds, with A, PD, and PT chosen as endogenous reference compounds for validation.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Recent advances in identifying and utilizing metabolites of selected doping agents in human sports drug testing

Mario Thevis et al.

Summary: The detection and identification of prohibited substances in doping control samples is a central task of anti-doping laboratories. Extensive research has been invested in studying the metabolic profiles of doping agents to achieve the desired analytical sensitivity, retrospectivity, and comprehensiveness. Various strategies have been developed to identify informative metabolites of doping agents, including both low molecular mass drugs and high molecular mass substances.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Controlled administration of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone in humans: Urinary excretion and long-term detection of metabolites for anti-doping purpose

Steffen Loke et al.

Summary: Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is a synthetic steroid that has been banned in sports, but long-term metabolites have been found in urine samples, providing a way to detect cheating athletes. Different individuals excrete the metabolites at varying rates, with some markers showing longer detection windows than others. This study sheds light on the metabolism of DHCMT and 17 alpha-methyl steroids, recommending screening for all known metabolites to improve identification of cheating athletes.

JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

A cell-free bioassay for the detection of androgens

Elliot R. Cooper et al.

Summary: This study introduces a novel cell-free androgen in vitro bioassay that successfully detects testosterone and other androgenic molecules through four stages of development. Compared to cell-based bioassays, this new method is easier to perform and has the potential to be developed into a routine, high-throughput, nontargeted androgen screening tool.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Detection of urinary arimistane metabolites in humans using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: Complementary results to gas chromatography mass spectrometric data and its application to antidoping analyses

Dayamin Martinez Brito et al.

Summary: The study investigated the metabolism of arimistane (Arim) and identified 12 metabolites using accurate mass measurements. Despite the good results, limitations remain, such as the inability to assign the alpha- or beta configuration of hydroxy groups and the exact position of some unsaturation.

RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and Its Monitoring in Medical Diagnostic and in Sports

Julian Bailes et al.

Summary: IGF-1, the principal mediator of GH, plays a crucial role in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, with its bioavailability affected by IGFBPs. The varying expression levels of IGF-1 in clinical conditions and its misuse in sports have raised significant concerns.

BIOMOLECULES (2021)

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Article Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical

Detection of the synthetic peptide ipamorelin in dried blood spots by means of UHPLC-HRMS

Enrico Gerace et al.

Summary: A method using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry was developed and validated for screening ipamorelin in DBS. The combination of DBS and high resolution mass spectrometry proved to be a suitable and effective method for detecting small peptides in blood at low levels.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Coupling high-resolution mass spectrometry and chemometrics for the structural characterization of anabolic-androgenic steroids and the early detection of unknown designer structures

Patrizia Leogrande et al.

Summary: Predictive models have been developed to early identify novel anabolic androgenic steroids and obtain information on their molecular structure, using a combination of gas-chromatographic and mass spectrometric characteristic parameters. The chemometric methods applied allowed for the classification and clustering of steroids, providing a spectral and structural characterization for each subclass. Through mass spectrometric data analysis, class-specific common fragments and spectral trends were identified, enabling the detection of novel designer anabolic steroids.

TALANTA (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Facilitated Qualitative Determination of Insulin, Its Synthetic Analogs, and C-Peptide in Human Urine by Means of LC-HRMS

Andreas Thomas et al.

Summary: The detection of bioactive peptide hormones such as insulin, its synthetic analogs, and C-peptide in urine samples presents an analytical challenge due to their varying concentrations. Insulin and C-peptide are crucial for diagnosing metabolic disorders and are also important target analytes in sports and forensics. The developed method for detecting these substances simplifies sample preparation and meets WADA requirements.

METABOLITES (2021)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Tailor-Made Immunochromatographic Test for the Detection of Multiple 17α-Methylated Anabolics in Dietary Supplements

Barbora Holubova et al.

Summary: This study describes the development of an immunostrip test for the detection of various anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in commercial supplements. The test can visually detect positive samples within 10 minutes and shows strong cross-reaction with commonly abused AAS. The developed immunostrips offer a potential user-friendly method for detecting suspicious dietary supplement samples with different contents of AAS at levels far below usual concentrations.

FOODS (2021)

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Article

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Misuse: Mechanisms, Patterns of Misuse, User Typology, and Adverse Effects

Jack B. Ding et al.

Journal of Sports Medicine (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Organ-on-a-chip: Determine feasibility of a human liver microphysiological model to assess long-term steroid metabolites in sports drug testing

Christian Goergens et al.

Summary: The organ-on-a-chip technology shows promise in accurately predicting metabolic profiles of prohibited substances in sport, providing a high degree of conformity with traditional human oral administration studies.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Letter Biochemical Research Methods

Mass spectrometric characterization of urinary hydrafinil metabolites for routine doping control purposes

Andre Knoop et al.

Summary: A pilot elimination study was conducted with three healthy male volunteers who received a single oral dose of 50 mg of hydrafinil to investigate its metabolism and urinary elimination. The study identified Phase I and Phase II metabolites of hydrafinil through gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and assessed the applicability of routine doping control workflows for detection. The results suggest that hydrafinil may need to be considered in sports drug testing programs to ensure detection if classified as prohibited by WADA.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Stanozolol-N-glucuronide metabolites in human urine samples as suitable targets in terms of routine anti-doping analysis

Lorenz Goeschl et al.

Summary: This study provides the first unambiguous evidence for the existence of 17-epistanozolol-1 'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-2 'N-glucuronide in stanozolol-positive human urine samples. The study also demonstrates large detection windows for the phase-II metabolites stanozolol-1 'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-1 'N-glucuronide up to 12 days and almost 28 days, respectively, and presents validation parameters for their analysis.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2021)

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Review Sport Sciences

Current Insights into the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport

Thomas Piper et al.

Summary: Anabolic androgenic steroids have been the most frequently detected doping agents in athletes' urine samples for years, with different analytical approaches required for synthetic exogenous steroids and endogenous steroid-derived results. Population-based thresholds have limitations, leading to the introduction of the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Steroid profiling by UHPLC-MS/MS in dried blood spots collected from healthy women with and without testosterone gel administration

Olivier Salamin et al.

Summary: Quantification of endogenous steroids in serum by LC-MS/MS is a powerful clinical tool for screening or diagnosing various endocrine disorders. The use of DBS sampling offers a potential alternative for monitoring steroid concentrations and detecting testosterone abuse.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2021)

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Article Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism

Analysis of doping control test results in individual and team sports from 2003 to 2015

Millan Aguilar-Navarro et al.

JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Analytical Approaches in Human Sports Drug Testing: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Solutions

Mario Thevis et al.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Profiling of anabolic androgenic steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators for interference with adrenal steroidogenesis

Melanie Patt et al.

BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Antidoping: From health tests to the athlete biological passport

Martial Saugy et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2020)

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Article Physiology

Prevalence Estimate of Blood Doping in Elite Track and Field Athletes During Two Major International Events

Raphael Faiss et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Rapid Detection of Anabolic and Narcotic Doping Agents in Saliva and Urine By Means of Nanostructured Silicon SALDI Mass Spectrometry

Rajpreet Singh Minhas et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Alternative markers for Methylnortestosterone misuse in human urine

Panagiotis Sakellariou et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2020)

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Article Physiology

A Single 60.000 IU Dose of Erythropoietin Does Not Improve Short-Term Aerobic Exercise Performance in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

Thomas Haider et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of non-hydrolyzed sulfated steroids by degradation product formation

Michael Polet et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2019)

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Article Toxicology

A pilot study of non-targeted screening for stimulant misuse using high-resolution mass spectrometry

Patricia Davies de Oliveira Sardela et al.

FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY (2019)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Studies on the in vivo metabolism of methylstenbolone and detection of novel long term metabolites for doping control analysis

Thomas Piper et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2019)

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Review Sport Sciences

Review of WADA Prohibited Substances: Limited Evidence for Performance-Enhancing Effects

Jules A. A. C. Heuberger et al.

SPORTS MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Hematology

Effects of aged stored autologous red blood cells on human plasma metabolome

Angelo D'Alessandro et al.

BLOOD ADVANCES (2019)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Metabolic study of methylstenbolone in horses using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Timmy L. S. Choi et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A (2018)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Top-down mass spectrometric immunoassay for human insulin and its therapeutic analogs

Dobrin Nedelkov et al.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Erythropoietin as a performance-enhancing drug: Its mechanistic basis, detection, and potential adverse effects

Olivier Salamin et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Detection of SARMs in doping control analysis

Mario Thevis et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (2018)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Identification and confirmation of diuretics and masking agents in urine by turbulent flow online solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for doping control

Laurie De Wilde et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A (2018)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Hepcidin as a potential biomarker for blood doping

Nicolas Leuenberger et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2017)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

A novel HPLC-MRM strategy to discover unknown and long-term metabolites of stanozolol for expanding analytical possibilities in doping-control

Zhe Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES (2017)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Dried haematic microsamples and. LC-MS/MS for the analysis of natural and synthetic cannabinoids

Michele Protti et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES (2017)

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Article Hematology

Effects of erythropoietin on cycling performance of well trained cyclists: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Jules A. A. C. Heuberger et al.

LANCET HAEMATOLOGY (2017)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Fast IRMS screening of pseudoendogenous steroids in doping analyses

Xavier de la Torre et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2017)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry offers advantages for urinary steroids analysis

Natalie Homer et al.

ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2017)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives

Raul Nicoli et al.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2016)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Optimization of an online heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography cleanup step for isotopic ratio mass spectrometry and simultaneous quadrupole mass spectrometry measurements of endogenous anabolic steroid in urine

Alessandro Casilli et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations

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JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2016)

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A comparison of salivary testosterone measurement using immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry

Keith M. Welker et al.

PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (2016)

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Testing for Drugs in Exhaled Breath Collected With ExaBreath in a Drug Dependence Population: Comparison With Data Obtained in Urine After Liquid Chromatographic-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Analyses

Pascal Kintz et al.

THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING (2016)

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Review Sport Sciences

Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature

Amit Momaya et al.

SPORTS MEDICINE (2015)

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Review Sport Sciences

Exercise-Induced Responses in Salivary Testosterone, Cortisol, and Their Ratios in Men: A Meta-Analysis

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SPORTS MEDICINE (2015)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

GC-C-IRMS in routine doping control practice: 3 years of drug testing data, quality control and evolution of the method

Michael Polet et al.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2015)

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Review Sport Sciences

Prevalence of Doping Use in Elite Sports: A Review of Numbers and Methods

Olivier de Hon et al.

SPORTS MEDICINE (2015)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis

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Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment

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FERTILITY AND STERILITY (2014)

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Mass spectrometric characterization of a biotechnologically produced full-length mechano growth factor (MGF) relevant for doping controls

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GROWTH HORMONE & IGF RESEARCH (2014)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Salivary Cortisol Levels in Athletes and Nonathletes: A Systematic Review

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HORMONE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH (2014)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

LC/ESI-MS/MS method for quantification of 28 synthetic cannabinoids in neat oral fluid and its application to preliminary studies on their detection windows

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ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2013)

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Role of Capillary Electrophoresis in the Fight Against Doping in Sports

Christopher R. Harrison

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2013)

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Gene doping: an overview and current implications for athletes

Toon van der Gronde et al.

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Discovery and Characterization of Super-Enhancer-Associated Dependencies in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

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CANCER CELL (2013)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Analysis of 30 synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Stefan Kneisel et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2013)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Dried blood spots: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its main metabolites

Laura Mercolini et al.

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Review Respiratory System

The safety of long-acting β2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (2013)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Development and validation of an open screening method for diuretics, stimulants and selected compounds in human urine by UHPLC-HRMS for doping control

A. Jimenez Giron et al.

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Growth hormone secretagogues: out of competition

Armand Pinyot et al.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2012)

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Sensitive determination of prohibited drugs in dried blood spots (DBS) for doping controls by means of a benchtop quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometer

Andreas Thomas et al.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2012)

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Review Sport Sciences

Does 'altitude training' increase exercise performance in elite athletes?

Carsten Lundby et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2012)

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Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse and cardiac death in athletes: Morphological and toxicological findings in four fatal cases

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FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL (2012)

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The effects of R-salbutamol on growth, carcass measures, and health of finishing pigs

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The Sturm und Drang of anabolic steroid use: angst, anxiety, and aggression

Joseph G. Oberlander et al.

TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES (2012)

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Analytical challenges in the detection of peptide hormones for anti-doping purposes

Osquel Barroso et al.

BIOANALYSIS (2012)

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Phase I/IIa Clinical Trial of Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene Transfer to Treat Critical Limb Ischemia

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Blood doping and its detection

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BLOOD (2011)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls

Ines Moeller et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2011)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

High-throughput screening for various classes of doping agents using a new dilute-and-shoot' liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multi-target approach

S. Guddat et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2011)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Stereoselective determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, tissues and microsomal preparations by capillary electrophoresis (2000-2010)

Jitka Caslavska et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A (2011)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Side Effects of AAS Abuse: An Overview

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MINI-REVIEWS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2011)

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Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Applications and Biomonitoring Issues of Recombinant Erythropoietins for Doping Control

Christina Tsitsimpikou et al.

THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING (2011)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

On the use of cells or membranes for receptor binding: Growth hormone secretagogues

A. Pinyot et al.

ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2010)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Influence of intravenous administration of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) on detection of growth hormone doping: growth hormone isoform profiles in Japanese male subjects

Masato Okano et al.

DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Highly sensitive transient isotachophoresis sample stacking coupling with capillary electrophoresis-amperometric detection for analysis of doping substances

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TALANTA (2010)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Speeding up the process urine sample pre-treatment: Some perspectives on the use of microwave assisted extraction in the anti-doping field

Monica Mazzarino et al.

TALANTA (2010)

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Article Sport Sciences

Exercising with reserve: evidence that the central nervous system regulates prolonged exercise performance

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Stereoselectivity in Drug Metabolism: Molecular Mechanisms and Analytical Methods

Vanessa L. Campo et al.

CURRENT DRUG METABOLISM (2009)

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The history of doping and growth hormone abuse in sport

Richard I. G. Holt et al.

GROWTH HORMONE & IGF RESEARCH (2009)

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SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY (2009)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Qualitative detection of diuretics and acidic metabolites of other doping agents in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Comparison between liquid-liquid extraction and direct injection

K. Deventer et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A (2009)

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Article Hematology

Gene expression in the detection of autologous blood transfusion in sports - a pilot study

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VOX SANGUINIS (2009)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Gonadotropins in doping: pharmacological basis and detection of illicit use

U-H Stenman et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2008)

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Article Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical

High-throughput and sensitive screening by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of diuretics and other doping agents

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (2008)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

The application of carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry to doping control

Adam T. Cawley et al.

JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (2008)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Mass spectrometry of selective androgen receptor modulators

Mario Thevis et al.

JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (2008)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Factors influencing the steroid profile in doping control analysis

Ute Mareck et al.

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Sports medicine: Performance-enhancing drugs

Andrew J. M. Gregory et al.

PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2007)

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Doping control for the team physician - A review of drug testing procedures in sport

Gary A. Green

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2006)

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Therapeutic use exemption

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2006)

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Clinical evaluation of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor for the treatment of lower extremity ulcers

DL Steed

PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY (2006)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The influence of growth hormone status on physical impairments, functional limitations, and health-related quality of life in adults

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ENDOCRINE REVIEWS (2006)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Ex vivo transduction of human dermal tissue structures for autologous implantation production and delivery of therapeutic proteins

E Brill-Almon et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2005)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Gene Therapy Progress and Prospects: Development of improved lentiviral and retroviral vectors - design, biosafety, and production

PL Sinn et al.

GENE THERAPY (2005)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Examples of doping control analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Ephedrines, beta-receptor blocking agents, diuretics, sympathornimetics, and cross-linked hemoglobins

M Thevis et al.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE (2005)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Evaluation of immunoassays for the measurement of insulin-like growth factor-I and procollagen type III peptide, indirect biomarkers of recombinant human growth hormone misuse in sport

R Abellan et al.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE (2005)

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Article Sport Sciences

Why we should allow performance enhancing drugs in sport

J Savulescu et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (2004)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine by isoelectric focusing

A Breidbach et al.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (2003)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Identification of the aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

U Mareck et al.

RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY (2002)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

A new insulin immunoassay specific for the rapid-acting insulin analog, insulin aspart, suitable for bioavailability, bioequivalence, and pharmacokinetic studies

L Andersen et al.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2000)

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Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Distinction of inhaled and oral salbutamol by urine analysis using conventional screening procedures for doping control

R Ventura et al.

THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING (2000)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Growth hormone abuse

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BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2000)

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