Method for highly selective, ultrasensitive fluorimetric detection of Cu2+and Al3+by Schiff bases containing o-phenylenediamine and o-aminophenol

Schiff base probes (1 and 2) made from o-phenylenediamine and o-aminophenol were appeared as highly selective fluorimetric chemosensor of Cu2+ and Al3+ ions respectively. Strong fluorescence emission of probe 1 at 415 nm (excitation at 350 nm) was instantly turned off on addition of Cu2+. Very weak fluorescence of probe 2 at 506 nm (excitation at 400 nm) was immediately turned on specifically by Al3+. Job's plot and ESI-MS results suggested 1:1 molar stoichiometric ratio of metal ion and probe in their respective complexes. Probe 1 and 2 had demonstrated very low detection limit (9.9 and 2.5 nM respectively). Binding of Cu2+ with probe 1 was found chemically reversible on addition of EDTA, while complexation between Al3+ and probe 2 was not reversible. On the basis of density functional theory (DFT) and spectroscopic results, probable mode of sensing of the metal ions by the probes were proposed. Quenching of the fluorescence of probe 1 by Cu2+ was attributed to the extensive transfer of charge from the probe molecule to paramagnetic copper ion. Whereas, in the Al3+-complex of probe 2, photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process from the imine nitrogen to salicylaldehyde moiety was restricted and thereby the weak emission intensity of probe 2 was enhanced significantly. Effective pH range of sensing the metal ions by probe 1 and 2 were 4 to 8 and 6 to 10 respectively. Probe 1 was also applied in the design of a logic gate for Cu2+ detection. Moreover, probe 1 and 2 was also used in water sample analysis for quantitative estimation of Cu2+ and Al3+ respectively.

Automated summary

Schiff base probes 1 and 2 were developed as highly selective fluorimetric chemosensors for Cu2+ and Al3+ ions respectively. The fluorescence emission of probe 1 at 415 nm was quenched by Cu2+, while the weak fluorescence of probe 2 at 506 nm was specifically enhanced by Al3+. The metal ion-probe complexation stoichiometry was found to be 1:1. The probes showed low detection limits of 9.9 and 2.5 nM for Cu2+ and Al3+ respectively. The sensing mechanisms were proposed based on density functional theory and spectroscopic results. Probe 1 was also used in a logic gate for Cu2+ detection, and both probes were applied for quantitative estimation of Cu2+ and Al3+ in water samples.