4.5 Review

Advances in the structural characterization of complexes of therapeutic antibodies with PD-1 or PD-L1

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Rational design of a Nivolumab-based ANTI-PD-1 single chain variable fragment that blocks the interaction between PD-1 expressed on T-CELLS and PD-L1 ON CHO cells

Jong Shin et al.

Summary: In this article, a variant of the anti-PD-1 scFv with improved solubility in tissue culture medium is reported. This variant successfully disrupted the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1.

PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION (2023)

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Phase 2 Study of the PD-1 Inhibitor Serplulimab Plus the Bevacizumab Biosimilar HLX04 in Patients with Previously Treated Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Zhengang Ren et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the safety and antitumor activity of serplulimab plus HLX04 in patients with previously treated advanced HCC. The results showed that this combination therapy had a manageable safety profile and antitumor activity.

LIVER CANCER (2023)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Envafolimab: First Approval

Anthony Markham

Summary: Envafolimab, a subcutaneously administered single domain anti-PD-L1 antibody, has recently been approved in China for the treatment of various solid tumors and chronic hepatitis B. It has better solubility and tissue penetration than full monoclonal antibodies, allowing for subcutaneous administration.
Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Zimberelimab

Margaret Sahu et al.

Summary: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as Zimberelimab, have shown potential in the treatment of solid tumors. Zimberelimab exhibits similar activity and selectivity to currently approved PD-1 inhibitors and shows particular benefit in tumors with PD-L1 and TMB positivity. Various early phase clinical trials are investigating its safety and efficacy in different treatment regimens.

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions

Ming Yi et al.

Summary: Antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 revive immune response against cancer cells, but the low response rate calls for combination therapies. Combining with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other treatments can achieve better outcomes, and individualized combination selection is needed to overcome treatment resistance.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Molecular basis of PD-1 blockade by dostarlimab, the FDA-approved antibody for cancer immunotherapy

Ui Beom Park et al.

Summary: This study reports the crystal structure of the extracellular domain of PD-1 in complex with dostarlimab, revealing the conformational rearrangements and key residues involved in the high affinity binding. The findings provide valuable information for the design of improved anti-PD-1 biologics and effective combination strategies for cancer immunotherapy.

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Efficacy and safety of GLS-010 (zimberelimab) in patients with relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: A multicenter, single-arm, phase II study

Ningjing Lin et al.

Summary: GLS-010 (zimberelimab) demonstrates effectiveness and safety in Chinese patients with relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. The objective response rate assessed by an independent radiology review committee was 90.6%, with a complete response rate of 32.9%. The 12-month progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 78% and 99%, respectively.

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Sohita Dhillon et al.

Summary: Sugemalimab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, has been approved in China for the first-line treatment of EGFR gene mutation and ALK-negative metastatic NSCLC. Clinical studies are also underway to evaluate its efficacy in various other cancer types.
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Nivolumab Plus Relatlimab: First Approval

Julia Paik

Summary: Nivolumab plus relatlimab is a combination immunotherapy treatment being developed for multiple types of advanced cancers. The treatment targets immune checkpoints using monoclonal antibodies. In March 2022, it received its first approval in the USA for unresectable or metastatic melanoma.
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Traversing through the Dynamic Protein-Protein InteractionLandscape and Conformational Plasticity of PD-1 for Small-MoleculeDiscovery

Lovika Mittal et al.

Summary: Monoclonal antibodies blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 interface have shown remarkable success in treating malignancies, but they may also initiate lethal immune-related adverse events. Small molecules may circumvent the mAb limitations; however, none has entered clinical trials targeting PD-1. The understanding of PD-1's sequence-structure-dynamic-function link is crucial for exploring its binding mechanisms and discovering new small-molecule drugs.

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Cemiplimab in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC): an overview and a clinical case

Antonio Ghidini et al.

Summary: This case report presents an elderly woman with locally advanced squamous carcinoma who showed significant response and good tolerability after receiving Cemiplimab therapy. It demonstrates that immunotherapy is a new treatment option for cSCC.

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PD-1 N58-Glycosylation-Dependent Binding of Monoclonal Antibody Cemiplimab for Immune Checkpoint Therapy

Dan Lu et al.

Summary: This study reports the crystal structure of cemiplimab bound to PD-1 and highlights the importance of PD-1 glycosylation in its interaction with cemiplimab. Cemiplimab predominantly binds to PD-1 through its heavy chain, and the N58 glycan on PD-1 is crucial for this interaction. These findings enhance our understanding of the significance of the cemiplimab-PD-1 interaction.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Neoadjuvant Sintilimab Plus Chemotherapy in Resectable Locally Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Huilai Lv et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant sintilimab plus chemotherapy in patients with resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The results showed that this treatment approach achieved a good pathological complete response rate and had good tolerability.

FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Case Report: Toripalimab Combined With Anlotinib in a Patient With Metastatic Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Pembrolizumab Failure

Ning Zan et al.

Summary: This article presents a case report of a patient with metastatic upper tract urinary carcinoma. Long-term clinical response was achieved through immunotherapy combined with antiangiogenesis therapy after unsuccessful surgery and chemotherapy.

FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY (2022)

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Sintilimab for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer

Lin Zhang et al.

Summary: This study provides an overview of the clinical trials on Sintilimab for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) conducted in China, showing its effectiveness and tolerability, but further research is needed.

BIOMARKER RESEARCH (2022)

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Serplulimab: First Approval

Arnold Lee

Summary: Serplulimab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, is an intravenously administered drug developed by Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc. for the treatment of solid tumours. It received its first approval in China in 2022 for the treatment of advanced unresectable or metastatic MSI-H solid tumours in adults.
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Phase I study of envafolimab (KN035), a novel subcutaneous single-domain anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors

Toshio Shimizu et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic profile, and efficacy of Envafolimab as a single agent in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. The results showed that Envafolimab was well tolerated and demonstrated comparable efficacy to intravenous treatments in Japanese patients. Pharmacokinetic data and preliminary anti-tumor response suggest longer dosing intervals as a more convenient treatment option.

INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUGS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Regulation of PD-L1 through direct binding of cholesterol to CRAC motifs

Qian Wang et al.

Summary: Cholesterol is crucial for the development and survival of cancer cells. Previous studies have shown that cholesterol-lowering drugs can inhibit the high expression of PD-L1, which contributes to immunoevasion in cancer cells. However, the mechanism of how cholesterol regulates the stability of PD-L1 is still unclear. This study demonstrates that cholesterol can directly bind to PD-L1 through specific amino acid motifs, forming a sandwich-like structure and stabilizing PD-L1 to prevent degradation. These findings reveal a unique regulatory mechanism and provide a potential strategy to overcome PD-L1-mediated immunoevasion in cancer.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

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Tislelizumab in Asian patients with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma

Dingwei Ye et al.

Summary: Tislelizumab showed meaningful clinical benefits in patients with previously treated PD-L1-positive urothelial carcinoma, with a 24% objective response rate and a durable response rate of 68%. The most common adverse events were anemia and pyrexia.

CANCER SCIENCE (2021)

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ANTI-PD-1 AND ANTI-PD-L1 ANTIBODIES AS IMMUNOTHERAPY AGAINST CANCER: A STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE

Luis Cordova-Bahena et al.

Summary: PD-1 and PD-L1 play crucial roles in T cell immunosuppression, with therapeutic antibodies targeting them showing broad clinical applications; however, these targeted therapies are not without adverse effects; understanding the structural domains recognized by antibodies can guide the development of new PD-1 and PD-L1 blocking agents.

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Interplay among Structural Stability, Plasticity, and Energetics Determined by Conformational Attuning of Flexible Loops in PD-1

Lovika Mittal et al.

Summary: The study focuses on the dynamics and plasticity of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, revealing increased structural stability and coordinated movements in the presence of binding partners. Through computational biophysical approaches, hot-spots essential for arresting the dynamic motions of PD-1 significantly are identified, providing insights for the rational design of therapeutic agents mimicking the mechanism of monoclonal antibodies.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING (2021)

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Cemiplimab in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Piyu Parth Naik

Summary: Cemiplimab, a monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1/PD-L1, has demonstrated clinical efficacy and safety in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma patients, with low rates of treatment discontinuation and death.

DERMATOLOGIC THERAPY (2021)

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Zimberelimab: First Approval

Anthony Markham

Summary: Zimberelimab is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody approved for marketing in China for the treatment of relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. The development of Zimberelimab has gone through several key milestones, leading to its first approval.
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Penpulimab: First Approval

Sohita Dhillon

Summary: Penpulimab, a humanised anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, has received approval for Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment in China and is undergoing regulatory review for other cancers.
Article Biochemical Research Methods

Characterization of a single chain variable fragment of nivolumab that targets PD-1 and blocks PD-L1 binding

Jong Shin et al.

Summary: The study describes the purification and tight binding of an anti-PD-1 scFv from E. coli to human PD-1, and demonstrates its ability to disrupt the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. The properties of this scFv, including its small size, stability, and high affinity for human PD-1, suggest its potential utility in immunotherapeutic, diagnostic, and anti-viral applications.

PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION (2021)

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Sintilimab plus sorafenib: a novel regimen for hepatocellular carcinoma

Xuhong Liu et al.

Summary: Combining immunotherapy and targeted therapy can improve the treatment effects of hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment with sintilimab in combination with sorafenib shows promise in shrinking tumors, but may also lead to immune-related hepatitis.

IMMUNOTHERAPY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis of HLX10 PD-1 receptor recognition, a promising anti-PD-1 antibody clinical candidate for cancer immunotherapy

Hassan Issafras et al.

Summary: Cancer immunotherapies targeting PD-1 have shown promising results, with HLX10 standing out as a potential therapeutic candidate due to its unique mode of recognition and strong anti-tumor activity. The combined inhibition of PD-1/PDL-1 and angiogenesis pathways using HLX10 and anti-VEGF antibody may provide sustained suppression of cancer-related angiogenesis and tumor elimination. Comparisons with clinically approved PD1 antibodies like Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab suggest that HLX10 exhibits similar or better bioactivity, supporting its potential for clinical evaluation in cancer immunotherapy.

PLOS ONE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Tislelizumab uniquely binds to the CC′ loop of PD-1 with slow-dissociated rate and complete PD-L1 blockage

Yuan Hong et al.

Summary: Tislelizumab has shown remarkable antitumor efficacy in preclinical models, with structural biology and Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses revealing its unique epitopes and slow dissociation rate from PD-1. The ability of tislelizumab to completely block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction aligns with both structural and functional analyses, broadening our understanding of the mechanism of action of anti-PD-1 antibodies.

FEBS OPEN BIO (2021)

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Dostarlimab: First Approval

Anthony Markham

Summary: Dostarlimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody PD-1 receptor antagonist, has been approved for the treatment of various cancers in the EU and USA. This marks a significant milestone in the development of the drug.
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Clinical activity and safety of the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody dostarlimab for patients with recurrent or advanced dMMR endometrial cancer

Ana Oaknin et al.

Summary: This document summarizes the GARNET trial, which focused on treating patients with dMMR endometrial cancer with dostarlimab and showed efficacy in shrinking tumors in some patients. The percentage of participants experiencing side effects was low and within expectations for this type of treatment.

FUTURE ONCOLOGY (2021)

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RATIONALE 311: tislelizumab plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy for localized esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Rong Yu et al.

Summary: Definitive chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for inoperable locoregionally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the impact of incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors like tislelizumab in the definitive management of ESCC is still uncertain. The RATIONALE 311 study is a Phase III clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of tislelizumab combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with inoperable localized ESCC, aiming to address this question.

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Subcutaneous envafolimab monotherapy in patients with advanced defective mismatch repair/microsatellite instability high solid tumors

Jian Li et al.

Summary: Envafolimab demonstrated significant efficacy and acceptable safety in the treatment of previously treated advanced dMMR/MSI-H solid tumors. The objective response rate was 42.7%, disease control rate was 66.0%, and median progression-free survival was 11.1 months.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer: Challenges and Future Prospects

Shima Makaremi et al.

Summary: Immunotherapy is a promising approach in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, with checkpoint-blocking antibodies showing promising outcomes. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is a cause of poor treatment response in CRC patients. Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) shows potential for enhancing immune responses against CRC tumors.

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Ivy Riano et al.

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Sang Hyung Lee et al.

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